Biodiversity Conservation: Problems and Policies. Papers from the Biodiversity Programme Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

397 Pages·1994·10.09 MB·English

by  C. A. Perrings

BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Ecology, Economy & Environment
VOLUME 4
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
BIODIVERSITY
CONSERVATION
Problems and Policies
Papers from the Biodiversity Programme
Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
edited by
C. A. Perrings
University of York, Heslington, York, U.K.
K.-G. Maler
Stockholm School of Economics and Beijer Institute, Sweden
C. Folke
Stockholm University and Beijer Institute, Sweden
C. S. Holling
University of Florida, U.S.A.
and
B.-O. Jansson
Stockholm University and Stockholm Centre for Marine Research, Sweden
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
A CLP. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-94-010-4437-0 ISBN 978-94-011-1006-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-1006-8
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1994
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1994
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
CONTENTS
Tables vii
Figures ix
Abbreviations x
Authors xii
Preface xv
PART 1 FRAMING THE PROBLEM
Chapter 1 Biodiversity conservation and economic development: the policy
problem
c.A. Perrings, K.G. Maler, c. Falke, C.S. Holling
and B.o. Jansson 3
Chapter 2 Biodiversity conservation and economic development: local and
global dimensions
D. W. Pearce and c.A. Perrings 22
PART 2: UNDERSTANDING BIODIVERSITY
CHANGE
Chapter 3 Population extinction and the biodiversity crisis
Gretchen C. Daily and Paul R. Ehrlich 43
Chapter 4 Diversity conservation in relation to fisheries in the Baltic Sea
Monica Hammer 54
Chapter 5 Rangeland ecology: managing change in biodiversity
B.H. Walker 65
Chapter 6 Biodiversity, natural resource accounting and environmental
monitoring
M.S. Common and T. W. Norton 82
PART 3: THE VALUATION OF BIODIVERSITY
Chapter 7 Modeling the value of biodiversity using a production function
approach
Urvashi Narain and Anthony Fisher 109
Chapter 8 Valuation of a marine resource
John Dixon, Louise Scura and Tom v'ant Hof 120
vi
Chapter 9 Tropical wetland values and environmental functions
Edward B. Barbier 139
Chapter 10 Valuation and the management of biological diversity
Mohan Munasinghe 162
PART 4: THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC POLICY
Chapter 11 Environmental impact of governmental policies and external
shocks in Botswana: A computable general equilibrium model
approach
Lena Unemo 185
Chapter 12 A dynamic CGE model of deforestation in Costa Rica
Annilm B. Persson 205
Chapter 13 The timber trade as a cause of tropical deforestation.
Joanne C. Burgess 226
Chapter 14 Sustainable use of tropical forests in South-East Asia
Theodore Panayotou and Peter S. Ashton 245
PART 5: OPTIONS AND PRIORITIES FOR
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION
Chapter 15 Traditional ecological knowledge, biodiversity, resilience and
sustainability
Fikret Berkes. Carl Folke and Mahdav Gadgil 269
Chapter 16 Conservation of biodiversity and economic development:
the concept of transferable development rights
Theodore Panayatou 288
Chapter 17 Biodiversity conservation and local development aspirations:
new priorities for the 1990s
Michael P. Wells 306
Chapter 18 Unresolved issues
c.A. Perrings. K.G. Miiler. C. Folke. C.S. Holling
and B.O. Jansson 321
References 329
Index 378
TABLES
2.1 Returns to development uses 30
2.2 Comparative rates of return to land use in Botswana 31
6.1 Valuation and PNDP measurement 94
7.1 Model results 115
S.l Revenues and costs associated with the Bonaire Marine Park (1991) 129
9.1 Causes of wetland loss 141
9.2 Major threats to wetlands: Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean 142
9.3 General, ecological and economic system characteristics 143
9.4 Comparison of present value net economic benefits Kano River Project
Phase I and Hadejia-Jama'are Floodplain 148
10.1 Environmental functions of forests 155
10.2 Land use information for villages 170
10.3 Value of forest products collected by villages 171
10.4 Summary statistics for complete sample of tourists 171
10.S Summary statistics for tourists by country of origin 172
10.6 Summary of economic analysis of Mantadia national park 180
11.1 Sectoral elasticities 197
11.2 A fall in the price of diamonds: environmental and economic indicators 198
11.3 A deterioration of the terms of trade: environmental and economic
indicators 199
11.4 Lower import tariff on crop: environmental and economic indicators 200
11.S Quantity constraint on labour: environmental and economic indicators 201
12.1 The producing sectors and production factors 208
12.Al The aggregation of production sectors 221
12.A2 Costa Rica 1986: Base data 222
12.A3 Deforestation parameters and initial values 222
12.A4 Changes in interest rate 222
12.AS Capital 223
12.A6 Land 223
12.A7 Forestry 223
12.AS Agriculture 224
12.A9 Industry 225
13.1 Tropical forest resources: status and changes 228
13.2 Estimated rates of extinction based on tropical deforestation 229
13.3 World and tropical timber production and trade, 1990 231
13.4 Forest products trade balance and percentage of total trade in tropical
countries, 1990 232
13.Sa Production and trade in timber products by tropical countries, 1990 233
13.Sb Export of timber products as a percentage of production in tropical
countries 233
13.6 Timber harvesting and deforestation in Mrican ITTO producer countries,
1981-85 236
13.7a Sources of deforestation in tropical countries, 1981-90 237
vii
viii
13.7h Sectoral share in forest degradation and forest modification 237
13.8 The causes of deforestation in developing countries 1968-78 239
13.9 Estimated deforestation equation 240
13.10 Elasticity of forest depletion with respect to signiflCaIrt variables (1967-85) 242
13.11 The causes of deforestation in tropical countries 242
14.1 Long-term land use change 1900-80 247
14.2 Cropland and forest per capita 249
14.3 Wood production, Asian developing economies, 1975-1987 250
14.4 Estimated sustainable yield and wood harvest in 1980 251
14.5 Main sources of tropical deforestation 255
14.6 Causes of deforestation in Southeast Asia: a summary of statistical
findings 257
14.7 Net present values of tropical forest extracts and services
(dominant use only), selected countries 260
FIGURES
2.1 Private and social optima: continuous external cost function 33
2.2 Local and global social optima: continuous external cost functions 34
4.1 The Baltic Sea 56
4.2 Fish catches in Sweclen's·fisheries 1913-1992 59
5.1 Generalised model of the determinantscof savanna structure 67
5.2 Hypothetical distribution of savannatypes in relation to the main
determinants of savannas 68
5.3 Assumed relationship between stocking rate and range-condition 70
5.4 Spatial patterning (patchiness) in semi-arid rangelands 72
5.5 Dynamics of the proportional composition of unpalatable and palatable
grasses in response to changes in grazing pressure 75
5.6 The relation between annual rainfall and grass production on cleared and
bushed plots on clay loam and sandy soils at Matopos in Zimbabwe 76
5.7 Simulated changes in rainfall, pasture biomass, and density of red
kangaroos at Kinchega National Park, New South Wales 77
5.8 Simplified state-and-transition interpretation of semi-arid grassland!
woodland in eastern Australia 80
8.1 Bonaire 122
8.2 Relationship between coral cover, species diversity and stress 126
8.3 Diving intensity and threshold stress level 127
8.4 Willingness to pay for park management: Bonair Marine Park 133
8.5 Park management, diver education and threshold stress level 136
9 • 1 Valuing wetland benefits 144
9.2 Optimal extraction paths for wetland resources 155
1 0.1 Multicriteria analysis methodology 175
10.2 Biodiversity index value and reservoir size in Sri Lanka 178
1 0 • 3 Trade off between biodiversity and electricity supply 179
14.1 Deforestation as a function of cropland expansion: tropical and
subtropical Asia (1964-1985) 247
14. 2 Forest cover and population density: tropical and subtropical Asia 249
14.3 Population density and percent of land in forest cover for selected countries 253
14.4 Wildlife habitat: remaining habitat and protected area 254
15. 1 Remnant network of sacred trees and sacred groves presently existing in
an area of 25m2 on the Western Ghats -of Kamataka State in South India 274
15.2 Successional stages of the kebun-talim system (Java) 276
15.3 Profile of a typical Javanese home garden (pekarangan) 277
15.4 Bora agroforestry from the Peruvian Amazon 278
15.5 Traditional Indonesian integrated rice-fish culture (subak) and
inshore polyculture pond management (tambak) 280
15.6 An example of the South Pacific 'integrated coporate estate' concept:
The Maroro (Solomon Islands) puava , 282
15.7 The concept model of the ancient Chinese ideal of 'living in harmony
with Nature' 283
16.1 Biodiversity protection: supply and demand 293
ix
ABBREVIATIONS
AN Available Nutrients
BMC Botswana Meat Commission
BMP Bonaire Marine Park
CES Constant Elasticity of Substitution
CET Constant Elasticity of Transfonnation
CGE Computable General Equilibrium
GCTE Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems
CVM Contingent Valuation Method
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
EAGDP Environmentally Adjusted Gross Domestic Product
EC Environmental Cost
FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GEF Global Environment Facility
GNP Gross National Product
ICDP Integrated Conservation and Development Project
IGBP International Geosphere and Biosphere Programme
lIED International Institute for Environment and Development
IK Indigenous Knowledge
IMP International Monetary Fund
ITTC International Tropical Timber Council
ITTO International Tropical Timber Organisation
IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
(World Conservation Union)
LDC Less Developed Country
LEEC London Environmental Economics Centre
LMTRS Long-Tenn Forest Management Research Sites
MCA Multi-Criteria Analysis
MTF Moist Tropical Forest
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
NNP Net National Product
NPP Net Primary Product
ODA Overseas Development Administration
OD! Oversease Development Institute
OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
PAM Plant Available Moisture
PCC Potential Carrying Capacity
PNDP Proper Net Domestic Product
SAM Social Accounting Matrix
SGDP Sustainable Gross Domestic Product
SIDA Swedish International Development Authority
SMS Safe Minimum Standard
TAC Total Allowable Catch
IDR Transferable Development Right
x