Table Of ContentSustainable Development and Biodiversity 17
M.R. Ahuja
S. Mohan Jain Editors
Biodiversity
and
Conservation of
Woody Plants
123
Sustainable Development and Biodiversity
Volume 17
Series editor
Kishan Gopal Ramawat,
Botany Department, M.L. Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
Thisbookseriesprovidescomplete,comprehensiveandbroadsubjectbasedreviews
about existing biodiversity of different habitats and conservation strategies in the
frameworkofdifferenttechnologies,ecosystemdiversity,andgeneticdiversity.The
ways by which these resources are used with sustainable management and
replenishmentarealsodealtwith.Thetopicsofinterestincludebutarenotrestricted
onlytosustainabledevelopmentofvariousecosystemsandconservationofhotspots,
traditional methods and role of local people, threatened and endangered species,
globalclimatechangeandeffectonbiodiversity,invasivespecies,impactofvarious
activities on biodiversity, biodiversity conservation in sustaining livelihoods and
reducing poverty, and technologies available and required. The books in thisseries
will be useful to botanists, environmentalists, marine biologists, policy makers,
conservationists, and NGOs working for environment protection.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11920
M.R. Ahuja S. Mohan Jain
(cid:129)
Editors
Biodiversity
and Conservation of Woody
Plants
123
Editors
M.R.Ahuja S. MohanJain
Formerly Forestry Consultant University of Helsinki
ZobelForestry Associates Helsinki
NewPaltz, NY Finland
USA
ISSN 2352-474X ISSN 2352-4758 (electronic)
Sustainable Development andBiodiversity
ISBN978-3-319-66425-5 ISBN978-3-319-66426-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-66426-2
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Preface
Biodiversity or biological diversity refers to diversity in the genes, species,
communityofspecies,andtheecosystem.Biodiversityincludesalllivingformson
earth.Biodiversity encompasses genetic,species,and ecosystem diversity.Genetic
diversity represents the heritable variation within and between populations of a
species. Biodiversity is essential for the survival of a species in a changing
environment.Climatechangecreatesanewchallengeforbiodiversityconservation.
Species ranges and ecological dynamics are already responding to recent climate
shifts,andcurrentreserves/parkswillnotcontinue tosupportallplant/treespecies.
Forestscoverapproximately31%oftheworld’stotallandarea,ofwhich93%is
natural forest and only 7% are planted trees. Forest decline is progressing at an
alarming rate worldwide. In addition to human activities (logging, deforestation,
and forest lands for agriculture and industrial use), a number of other diverse
factors, including pests and diseases, drought, soil acidity, radiation, ozone, are
cumulativelycontributingtoglobalforestdecline.Thepresentsituationforcesusto
focusonforestconservationstrategiesforthepresentandfuture.Geneconservation
and maintaining of genetic diversity in the forest ecosystems are crucial for the
preservation offorest genetic resources. This calls for integrated action for in situ
(on site) preservation of forest stands and ex situ (away from the original site)
strategies for the conservation of woody plant genetic resources. Selected
priority areas include: (1) assessing patterns of genetic diversity and threats,
(2) understanding biological processes regulating genetic diversity, (3) assessing
the impact of human activities and climate change on genetic diversity, and
(4) finding methods to prioritize species and populations for the conservation of
forest tree genetic resources. Chapters in this volume are written by leading
scientistsintheirfieldsofspecializationthatincludewoodyplantdiversity,ecology
and evolution, assessment of genetic diversity in forest tree populations, conser-
vation planning under climate change, in situ and ex situ strategies, including
biotechnological approaches, in a number of diverse and economically important
woody plant species for the conservation of their genetic resources.
v
vi Preface
This volume provides complete, comprehensive, and broad subject-based
reviews for students, teachers, researchers, policy makers, conservationists, and
NGOs interested in the field of biodiversity and conservation of woody plants.
New Paltz, USA M.R. Ahuja
Helsinki, Finland S. Mohan Jain
Contents
Part I Genetic Diversity and Conservation
1 Coconut Genetic Diversity, Conservation and Utilization..... .... 3
V. Arunachalam and M.K. Rajesh
2 Genetic Diversity and Conservation of Mexican Forest Trees. .... 37
Christian Wehenkel, Samantha del Rocío Mariscal-Lucero,
Juan Pablo Jaramillo-Correa, Carlos Antonio López-Sánchez,
J. Jesús Vargas-Hernández and Cuauhtémoc Sáenz-Romero
3 Climate Change, Genetic Diversity, and Conservation of
Paleoendemic Redwoods. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 69
M.R. Ahuja
4 Mulberry (Morus Spp.) Genetic Diversity, Conservation and
Management .. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 95
Amalendu Tikader and Kunjupillai Vijayan
5 ConservationofForestGeneticResourcesinNorwayinaClimate
Change Perspective. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 129
Tore Skrøppa and Kjersti Bakkebø Fjellstad
6 Use of Molecular Markers in the Conservation Management of
Tropical Trees. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 155
S. Changtragoon, R. Jalonen and A.J. Lowe
7 Genetic Diversity Utilization and Conservation of Neem
(Azadirachta indica A. Juss.)... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 197
A.V.C. Silva, A.S. Jesus, A.N.R. Soares and A.S. Ledo
Part II Biodiversity and Conservation
8 Biotechnological Approaches for Conservation of the Genus
Pistacia... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 221
Hülya Akdemir and Ahmet Onay
vii
viii Contents
9 Biodiversity and Conservation of Elaeis Species... .... ..... .... 245
Maizura Ithnin, Norhalida Mohamed Serdari, Norziha Abdullah,
Ahmad Kushairi and Rajinder Singh
10 Conservation of Woody Plant Diversity in Kenya . .... ..... .... 273
Kimberly E. Medley, John K. Maingi and Christine M. Mutiti
11 Woody Plant Diversity and Density in Selected Eucalyptus and
Other Plantation Forest Species in Ethiopia .. .... .... ..... .... 291
Shiferaw Alem and Muhammad Nakhooda
12 Biodiversity and Conservation of Date Palm.. .... .... ..... .... 313
Adel A. Abul-Soad, S. Mohan Jain and Mushtaque A. Jatoi
13 Approaches for In Vitro Conservation of Woody Plants
Germplasm ... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 355
María Teresa González-Arnao, Natalia Dolce,
María Elena González-Benito, Carlos R. Castillo Martínez
and Carlos A. Cruz-Cruz
14 Conservation of Hardwood Forest Species ... .... .... ..... .... 421
E. Corredoira, M.T. Martínez, M.C. Sanjosé and A. Ballester
15 Diversity of Trees in the Mesoamerican Agroforestry System. .... 455
Noel A. González-Valdivia, William Cetzal-Ix, Saikat Kumar Basu,
Fernando Casanova-Lugo and Jesús F. Martínez-Puc
16 Native Trees and Shrubs for Ecosystems Services and the
Redesign of Resilient Livestock Production Systems in the
Mexican Neotropics. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 489
Francisco Solorio, Luis Ramírez, Saikat Basu, Liz Trenchard,
Lucero Sarabia, Julia Wright, Carlos Aguilar, Baldomero Solorio,
Armin Ayala and Juan Ku
Contributors
Norziha Abdullah Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
AdelA.Abul-Soad HorticultureResearchInstitute,AgriculturalResearchCenter,
Giza, Egypt
Carlos Aguilar Campus de Ciencias Biológicas Y Agropecuarias, Universidad
Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
M.R. Ahuja New Paltz, NY, USA
Hülya Akdemir Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and
Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
ShiferawAlem DepartmentofForestBotany,DendrologyandGeo-Biocenology,
Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
V. Arunachalam Section of Horticultural Science, ICAR-Central Coastal
Agricultural Research Institute Ela, Old Goa, India
Armin Ayala Campus de Ciencias Biológicas Y Agropecuarias, Universidad
Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
A. Ballester Instituto de Investigaciones Agrobiológicas de Galicia, IIAG, CSIC,
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Saikat Basu Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge,
Lethbridge, Canada
Saikat Kumar Basu Department of Biological Sciences, University of
Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
Fernando Casanova-Lugo Instituto Tecnológico de la Zona Maya, Othón
P. Blanco, Quintana Roo, Mexico
CarlosR.CastilloMartínez LaboratoriodeBiotecnologíaForestaldel Centrode
Investigación Disciplinaria en Conservación y Mejoramiento de Ecosistemas
Forestales, INIFAP, Ciudad de México, Mexico
ix
