Biocontrol Potential and its Exploitation in Sustainable Agriculture: Volume 2: Insect Pests

421 Pages·2001·11.065 MB·English

by  T. C. Narendran (auth.), R. K. Upadhyay, K. G. Mukerji, B. P. Chamola (eds.)

BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL
AND ITS EXPLOITATION
IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
VOLUME 2: INSECT PESTS
BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL
AND ITS EXPLOITATION
IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
SERIES EDITOR
K. G. Mukerji, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
Volume 1 Crop Diseases, Weeds, and Nematodes
Volume 2 Insect Pests
BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL
AND ITS EXPLOITATION IN
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
VOLUME 2: INSECT PESTS
EDITED BY
R. K. UPADHYAY
Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage
Faridabad, India
K. G. MUKERJI
AND
B. P. CHAMOLA
University of Delhi
Delhi, India
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
ISBN 978-1-4613-5523-6 ISBN 978-1-4615-1377-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-1377-3
©2001 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York in 2001
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 2001
http://www.wkap.nl
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21
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PREFACE
In India about 300 million people are undernourished, as is the case in other under
developed countries. The successful effects of the green revolution which helped avoid
death and famine in India are beginning to fade with. agricultural output decreasing rapidly
due to poor growth of plants, diseases and pests. With India's population expected to
reach approximately 1.5 billion people by 2050, agricultural production needs to increase
100%. Shortage of irrigation water, increasing salinity levels and water logging of soil
further add to the problem of food security. According to a recent report of World Watch
Institute, global food supply will be reduced by an additional 10% on account of
spreading water shortages. However, the major portion of food loss is due to pests and
pathogens. Therefore, if these problems of future food scarcity are left unaddressed they
will lead to widespread hunger and civil unrest.
Plant based biotechnology has come to represent a means of mitigating the problems
of global food security in the 21'1 century. Products and processes in agriculture are
increasingly becoming linked to science and cutting edge technology. Although every
technically feasible application may not be economically attractive, biologically safe, eco
friendly or ethically acceptable the underlying approach is virtually limitless in the array
of products that can emerge. For centuries, the selection of and improvement of
economically important plant species has been attained (attempted) by breeding with
desired cultivars. This process is however lengthy and sometimes results in some disease
susceptive varieties.
The scientific revolution that occurred in molecular biology over the past two decades
has enabled the engineering of what are in effect designer plants which express novel and
desired characteristics. By using the tools of modem molecular biology scientists are now
able to introduce genes or chemical recipes for making proteins in plants for the specific
traits they want (better growth, yield and nutrition value). Since the biotech revolution is
currently being experimented in other parts of the world it becomes imperative for India
to venture on this with caution.
In recent years agriculturalists, in the U.S., U.K., Canada, Australia, France, Mexico,
South Africa and even China have adopted new plant varieties developed through modem
technologies. These plant varieties are referred to as transgenic or genetically engineered
(modified) resistant plants generated by transformation with a natural bacterial enzyme
incorporation of genes for one of the proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis a
naturally occuring soil bacterium that infects and kills most insect pests.
Several major crop plants have been engineered with genes that make them resistant
to insect pests or to herbicides so that farmers can apply the weed killer without fear of
wiping out their standing crop. The benefits derived from these varieties include the
v
reduced use of insecticides and herbicides thus reducing soil and ground water pollution
and reduced tillage that results in topsoil loss. In 1988, at least 30 million hectares
worldwide were planted with these genetically engineered plants. As a result, more than
one half of the world's soybean harvest and about one third, of the maize (com) harvest
now comes from plants engineered with genes for herbicides or disease resistance.
Advances in agricultural biotechnology have created opportunities for efficient crop
improvement. However, this process necessitates caution to prevent unforeseen problems
associated with the adoption of new crop varieties. Biosafety issues need to be dealt with
carefully. Comprehensive testing followed by open discussion among the different users
(stakeholders) would help create public confidence.
Although the first generation transgenics based on simple changes that add a single
gene are successful, they are the Model. As of agricultural biotechnology in the future
genetically engineered plants promise entirely new hopes. It is, therefore necessary to
adopt this technology now to reap the benefits in the future.
One of the most successful, non-chemical approaches to pest management and disease
control is biological control using biocontrol agents in which the active principle is living
organisms for regulating the incidence of pests/pathogens. Biological control envisages use
of parasites, predators, antagonists, fast growing microogranisms and sex attractants.
Numerous organisms exist in nature that feed upon or infect insect pests, pathogens and
weeds. Collectively these organisms provide a significant level of 'natural control', in
many instances preventing insect species from ever reaching the status of pests. Since
ancient times, man has practised biological control of plant pathogens through cultural
practices which aim at biological destruction and/or suppression of pathogens/pests.
Biological control of plant pathogens seeks a solution in terms of restoring and
maintaining the biological balance within the ecosystem and must be considered part of
modem agriculture.
The present book has been compiled in two volumes :
1. Crop Diseases, Weeds and Nematodes
2. Insect Pests
The first volume contains twenty chapters and the second volume twenty three
chapters. These chapters have been written by authorities in the field. We would like to
express our deep appreciation to each contributor for his/her work, patience and attention
in detail during the entire production process. We trust that these volumes will be an asset
for all users who have interest in sustainable agriculture and crop productivity. We
particularly hope that this work will serve as a useful focal point for further studies and
research.
It has been a pleasure to edit these volumes, primarily due to the stimulating
cooperation of the contributors. We would like to thank staff of Kluwer AcademiclPlenum
Press for their help and active cooperation during the preparation of this work. We are
greatful to serveral fellow workers for their helpful comments on the manuscripts.
We are confident that the joint efforts of authors and editors will contribute to a
better understanding of advances in biocontrol of plant diseases in relation to sustainable
agriculture.
A word of appreciation is also due to Mis. Neelam Graphics for active cooperation in
preparing the neat electronic copies of the text of the chapters.
Delhi R.K. Upadhyay
20th November, 2000 K.G. Mukerji
B.P. Chamola
vi
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
1. Abdurahiman, U.C. 6. Gopalan, M.
Department of Zoology Centre for Plant Protection Studies
University of Calicut Department of Entomology
Tamilnadu Agricultural University
Calicut -673 635, Kerala, INDIA
Coimbatore -641 003
Tel. : [phone], 800026
Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Fax: [phone]
Tel. : [phone]
Fax: [phone]
2. Ambethgar, V.
91-422-431222
Regional Research Station
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University 7. Hazarika, L.K.
Vridhachalam -606 001 Department of Entomology
Tamil Nadu, INDIA Assam Agricultural University
Tel. : [phone] lorhat -785 008
Assam, INDIA
3. Basit, A. Tel. : [phone],326571
Department of Entomology Fax: [phone],320919
Email: [email protected]
Assam Agricultural University
lorhat -785 013
8. Hegde, R.
Assam, INDIA
Department of Agricultural Entomology
Tel. : [phone], 340574
University of Agricultural Sciences
Fax: [phone]
Dharward -586 005
Kamataka, INDIA
4. Bhattacharyya, B. Tel. : [phone],348349
Department of Entomology
Assam Agricultural University 9. Kannan, S.
lorhat -785 013 Centre of Agrochemical Research
Assam, INDIA SPIC Science Foundation
Tel. : [phone],340259 Ill, Mount Road, Guindy
Fax: [phone] Chennai -600 032
Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Tel: [phone]
5. Gopal, M.
Fax: [phone]
Central Plantation Crops Research
Email: [email protected]
Institute
Regional Station
to. Kapadia, M.N.
Kayangulam
Department of Entomology
Krishnapuram -690 533 Gujarat Agricultural University
Kerala, INDIA lunagarh -362 001
Tel: [phone],442160 Gujarat, INDIA
Fax: [phone] Tel. : [phone] ext. 213
Email: [email protected] Fax: [phone]
vii
11. Krishnamoorthy, A. Fax: [phone]
Division of Entomology and Email: [email protected]
Nematology
Indian Institute of 16. Narasimhan, S.
Horticultural Research Centre for Agro Chemical Research
Hessarghatta Lake P.O. SPIC Science Foundation
Bangalore -560 089 111, Mount Road
Karnataka, INDIA Guindy, Chennai -600 032
Tel: [phone] Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Tel: [phone],402952
Fax: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email: [email protected]
Email: [email protected]
12. Kulkarni, K.A.
17. Narayanasamy, P.
Department of Agricultural Entomology
Department of Entomology
University of Agricultural Sciences
Faculty of Agriculture
Krishi Nagar, Dharwad -580 005
Annamalai University
Karnataka, INDIA
Annamalai Nagar -608 002
Tel. : [phone] ext. 217, 744433
Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Fax: [phone]
Tel: [phone],20747
Email: [email protected]
Fax: [phone],22145
Email: [email protected]
13. Lingappa, S.
Division of Agricultural Entomology
18. Narendran, T.C.
University of Agricultural Sciences
Department of Zoology
Krishi Nagar
University of Calicut
Dharwad -580 005
Calicut -673 635
Karnataka, INDIA
Kerala, INDIA
Tel. : [phone]
Tel. : [phone],800302
Fax: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
14. Mani, M.
19. Nasser, M.
Indian Institute of Horticultural
Department of Zoology
Research
University of Calicut
Hessarghatta Lake Post
Calicut -673 635
Bangalore -560 089
Kerala, INDIA
Karnataka, INDIA
Tel. : [phone]
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Email: [email protected] 20. Partho, P.D.
Centre for Agrochemical Research
15. Mohan, Chandrika SPIC Science Foundation
Central Plantation Crops 111, Mount Road
Research Institute Guindy
Regional Station Chennai -600 032
Kayangulam Tamil Nadu, INDIA
Krishnapuram -690 533 Tel. : [phone]
Kerala, INDIA Fax: [phone]
Tel: 91-479-44200411601104 Email: [email protected]
viii
21. Pimpale, T.D. Rajahmundry -533 105
Ecomax Agrosystems Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
(A Division of Good Value Tel: [phone] ext. 74
Marketing Ltd.) Fax: [phone]
Industrial Assurance Building Email: [email protected]
Churchgate, Mumbai -400 021
Maharashtra, INDIA 27. Rao Krishna, lV.
Tel: [phone] Central Silk Board
Fax: [phone] B.T.M. Layout
Madiwala
22. Ponnamma, K.N. Bangalore -560 068
Central Plantation Crops Karnataka, INDIA
Research Institute Tel: [phone]
Palode Research Centre Fax: [phone]
Pacha Post -695 562
P.B. No.2 28. Samson, M.V.
Thiruvananthapuram District Central Silk Board
Kerala, INDIA B.T.M. Layout
Tel: [phone] Madiwala
Fax: [phone] Banglore -560 068
Email: [email protected] Karnataka, INDIA
Tel: [phone]
23. Prasad, Y.G. Fax: [phone]
Directorate of Oilseeds Research
Rajendranagar 29. Sathiamma, B.
Hyderabad -500 030 Kochuparampil House
Andhra Pradesh, INDIA Neendoor, Pallippad
Tel: [phone] P.O. Alleppey Dt., 690 512
Fax: [phone] Kerala, INDIA
Tel: [phone],442104
24. Puzari, K.C. Fax: [phone]
Mycological Research Section Email: [email protected]
Assam Agricultural University
lorhat -785013 30. Singh, R.
Assam, INDIA Biocontrol Laboratory
Tel: [phone],326571 Department of Zoology
Fax: [phone],320919 DDU Gorakhpur University
Email: [email protected] Gorakhpur -273 009
Uttar Pradesh, INDIA
25. Ramaprasad, G. Tel: [phone]
Division of Crop Protection Fax: [phone]
Central Tobacco Research Institute Email: [email protected]
Rajahmundry -533 105
Andhra Pradesh, INDIA 31. Singh, R.N.
Tel: [phone] ext. 74 Central Silk Board
Fax: [phone] B.T.M. Layout
Email: [email protected] Madiwala
Bangalore -560 068
26. Rao, Gunneswar S. Karnataka, INDIA
Division of Crop Protection Tel. : [phone]
Central Tobacco Research Institute Fax: [phone]
ix
32. Sitaramaiah, S. Lucknow -226 002
Division of Crop Protection Uttar Pradesh, INDIA
Central Tobacco Research Institute Tel: [phone]
Rajahrnundry -533 105 Fax: [phone]
Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
Tel: [phone] ext. 74 37. Tewari, N.K.
Fax: [phone] Divsion of Entomology
Email: [email protected] Indian Institute of Sugarcan Research
P.O. Dilkusha
33. Sreedhar, U. Lucknow -226 002
Division of Crop Protection Uttar Pradesh, INDIA
Central Tobacco Research Institute Tel. : [phone]
Rajahrnundry -533 105 Fax: [phone]
Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
Tel: [phone] ext. 74 38. Thomas, J.
Fax: [phone] Spices Board
Email: [email protected] Indian Cardamom Research Institute
Myladumpara
34. Suresh, S. Kailasanadu -685 553
Centre for Plant Protection Studies Idukki District
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Kerala, INDIA
Coimbatore -641 003 Tel. : [phone]
Tamil Nadu, INDIA Fax: [phone]
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]. Vimla Devi, P.S.
Directorate of Oilseeds Research
35. Tandon, P.L. Rajendranagar
Project Directorate of Hyderabad -500 030
Biological Control (lCAR) Andhra Pradesh, INDIA
P.B. No. 2491, HA Farm Post Tel. : [phone]
Bellary Road Fax: [phone]
Bangalore -560 024 Email: [email protected]
Karnataka, INDIA
Tel. : [phone]. Wahab, Seema
Fax: [phone] Department of Biotechnology
Email: [email protected] Block-2, CGO Complex,
Lodi Road
36. Tanwar, R.K. New Delhi - 110 003, INDIA
Divsion of Entomology Tel: [phone]
Indian Institute of Sugarcan Research Fax: [phone]
P.O. Dilkusha Email: [email protected]
x