Biocontrol agents of phytonematodes

482 Pages·2015·11.31 MB·English

by  Askary

Biocontrol Agents of Phytonematodes

Biocontrol Agents of Phytonematodes
Edited by
Tarique Hassan Askary
Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural
Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
and
Paulo Roberto Pala Martinelli
Department of Plant Protection, Laboratory of Nematology,
UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Biocontrol agents of phytonematodes / edited by Tarique Hassan Askary,
Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural
Sciences and Technology, Main Campus, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and
Kashmir, India, Paulo Roberto Pala Martinelli, Department of Plant Health,
Laboratory of Nematology, State University of Sao Paulo, CEP, Jaboticabal,
São Paulo, Brazil.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-78064-375-5 (alk. paper)
1. Plant nematodes--Biological control. I. Askary, Tarique H assan.
II. Martinelli, Paulo Roberto Pala.
SB998.N4B555 2015
632’.6257--dc23
2014046559
ISBN-13: 978 1 78064 375 5
Commissioning editor: Sreepat Jain
Assistant editor: Alexandra Lainsbury
Production editor: Shankari Wilford
Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India.
Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY.
Contents
Contributors vii
Preface ix
PART I. PHYTONEMATODES AND BIOCONTROL AGENTS
1 Impact of Phytonematodes on Agriculture Economy 3
Mahfouz M.M. Abd-Elgawad and Tarique Hassan Askary
2 Significance of Biocontrol Agents of Phytonematodes 50
Christian Joseph R. Cumagun and Mohammad Reza Moosavi
PART II. NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI
3 Nematophagous Fungi as Biocontrol Agents of Phytonematodes 81
Tarique Hassan Askary
4 Nematophagous Fungi: Ecology, Diversity and Geographical Distribution 126
Mrinal Kanti Dasgupta and Matiyar Rahaman Khan
5 Nematophagous Fungi: Virulence Mechanisms 163
Pedro Luiz Martins Soares, Rafael Bernal de Carvalho, Paulo Roberto Pala Martinelli,
Vanessa dos Santos Paes, Arlete Jose da Silveira, Jaime Maia dos Santos,
Bruno Flavio Figueiredo Barbosa and Rivanildo Junior Ferreira
6 Nematophagous Fungi: Formulation, Mass Production and
Application Technology 175
Paulo Roberto Pala Martinelli, Pedro Luiz Martins Soares,
Jaime Maia dos Santos and Arlete Jose da Silveira
7 Nematophagous Fungi: Commercialization 187
Mohammad Reza Moosavi and Tarique Hassan Askary
8 Nematophagous Fungi: Regulations and Safety 203
Tabo Mubyana-John and Joanne Taylor
v
vi Contents
PART III. NEMATOPHAGOUS BACTERIA
9 Nematophagous Bacteria as Biocontrol Agents of Phytonematodes 217
Mohamed F.M. Eissa and Mahfouz M.M. Abd-Elgawad
10 Nematophagous Bacteria: Virulence Mechanisms 244
Fernando da Silva Rocha and Jorge Teodoro de Souza
11 Nematophagous Bacteria: Survival Biology 256
Fabio Ramos Alves and Ricardo Moreira de Souza
12 Nematophagous Bacteria: Field Application and Commercialization 276
Mahfouz M.M. Abd-Elgawad and Ioannis K. Vagelas
13 Novel Bacteria Species in Nematode Biocontrol 310
Ioannis K. Vagelas
PART IV. MITES
14 Mites as Biocontrol Agents of Phytonematodes 323
Uri Gerson
PART V. PLANT GROWTH-PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA
15 Plant Growth-promoting Rhizobacteria as Biocontrol Agents
of Phytonematodes 339
Abdul Hamid Wani
PART VI. ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI
16 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi as Biocontrol Agents
of Phytonematodes 365
Chellappa Sankaranarayanan
PART VII. PREDATORY NEMATODES
17 Predatory Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents of Phytonematodes 393
Young Ho Kim
PART VIII. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
18 Factors Affecting Commercial Success of Biocontrol Agents
of Phytonematodes 423
Mohammad Reza Moosavi and Rasoul Zare
19 Limitations, Research Needs and Future Prospects
in the Biological Control of Phytonematodes 446
Tarique Hassan Askary
Index 455
Contributors
Mahfouz M.M. Abd-Elgawad, Phytopathology Department, National Research Centre,
El-Tahrir Street, Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt. Email: [email protected]
Fabio Ramos Alves, Department of Vegetable Production, Federal University of Espirito
Santo, Alegre, Espirito Santo, Brazil. Email: [email protected]
Tarique Hassan Askary, Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural
Sciences and Technology, Main Campus, Shalimar, Srinagar-190025, Jammu and Kashmir,
India. Email: [email protected]
Bruno Flavio Figueiredo Barbosa, Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Protection,
UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane,s/n. 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo,
Brazil. Email: [email protected]
Christian Joseph R. Cumagun, Crop Protection Cluster, College of Agriculture, University of
the Philippines Los Banos, College, Laguna, 4031 Philippines. Email: christian_cumagun@
yahoo.com
Fernando da Silva Rocha, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais,
39404-547 Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Email: [email protected]
Arlete Jose da Silveira, Department of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, State University
of Santa Cruz, (UESC), Rodovia Jorge Amado, 45662-900, Ilhéus-Bahia, Brazil. Email: arlete-
[email protected]
Mrinal Kanti Dasgupta, Visva-Bharati, Palli-Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Depart-
ment of Plant Protection, Sriniketan 731236, West Bengal, India. Email: [email protected]
Rafael Bernal de Carvalho, Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Protection, UNESP,
Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane,s/n. 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
Email: [email protected]
Jorge Teodoro de Souza, Department of Phytopathology, Lavras Federal University, Lavras,
Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Ricardo Moreira de Souza, Laboratory of Entomology and Phytopathology, Centre for Agri-
cultural Sciences and Technology, State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro
(UENF), Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Pq. California, 28013-602, Campos dos Goytacazes – Rio
de Janeiro, Brazil. Email: [email protected]
Jaime Maia dos Santos, Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Protection, UNESP, Via
de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane,s/n. 14884-900, J aboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil. Email:
[email protected]
vii
viii Contributors
Vanessa dos Santos Paes, Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Protection, UNESP,
Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane,s/n. 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
Email: [email protected]
Mohamed F.M. Eissa, Phytopathology Department, National Research Centre, EI-Tahrir
Street, Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt. Email: [email protected]
Rivanildo Junior Ferreira, Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Protection, UNESP,
Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane,s/n. 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
Email: [email protected]
Uri Gerson, Department of Entomology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and
Environment, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel. Email: [email protected]
Matiyar Rahaman Khan, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi
Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia 741235, West Bengal, India. Email: drmrkhanbckv@
gmail.com
Young Ho Kim, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture
and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea. Email: [email protected]
Paulo Roberto Pala Martinelli, Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Protection,
UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane,s/n. 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo,
Brazil. Email: prpmartinelli@ yahoo.com.br
Mohammad Reza Moosavi, Department of Plant Pathology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Marvdasht, Iran. Email: [email protected]
Tabo Mubyana-John, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Botswana, PO Box 0022
Gaborone, Botswana. Email: [email protected]
Chellappa Sankaranarayanan, Division of Crop Protection, Sugarcane Breeding Institute,
Coimbatore- 641 007, India. Email: [email protected]
Pedro Luiz Martins Soares, Laboratory of Nematology, Department of Plant Protection, UNESP,
Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane,s/n. 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
Email: [email protected]
Joanne Taylor, Daphne Jackson Trust Fellow, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith
Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK. Email: [email protected]
Ioannis K. Vagelas, Technological Education Institute of Larissa, Department of Plant Produc-
tion, 41110, Larissa, Greece. Email: [email protected]
Abdul Hamid Wani, Section of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Department of Botany, University
of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Email: ahamidwani@
yahoo.com
Rasoul Zare, Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, PO Box 1454,
Tehran 19395, Iran. Email: [email protected]
Preface
Plant parasitic nematodes pose a serious threat to global crop production. As well as causing
significant yield losses, they also impair the quality of crops. Management of these tiny crea-
tures therefore becomes essential. Biological control is a novel, ecofriendly approach, and in
the past two decades the use of microbes as biological nematicides has continuously increased.
Such beneficial microbes are also called biocontrol agents that potentially target specific nema-
tode hosts.
The role of different microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, mites and predatory
nematodes as biocontrol agents of phytonematodes is well known and recent years have seen
an intensive worldwide search for novel biocontrol agents particularly fungi and bacteria and
also advances or breakthroughs in this field, such as the proper formulation of some strains
and their commercialization. However, at present there is no book that could provide detailed
information about each of them individually, particularly on the two very successful biocon-
trol agents of phytonematodes, i.e. fungi and bacteria, related to their distribution, virulence,
survival biology, formulation, safe application and exploitation. The current volume fulfils
these objectives. The idea to compile this book is based on our past two decades of experiences
working in the field of biological control. This book has a broader readership but is aimed
especially for those undergraduate and postgraduate students and research practitioners hav-
ing plant nematology as their specialized subject.
In the present volume, 27 experts from ten countries contribute authoritative chapters that
capture the full breadth of basic and applied information of some important biocontrol agents
that are used or have potential in the management of phytonematodes. The information in-
cludes the remarkable developments and latest achievements in this direction. The volume is
divided into eight parts comprising of 19 chapters altogether. There are two chapters in Part I.
The opening chapter of this book begins by analysing the global impact of phytonematodes on
crop production, and in continuation a recent assessment of crop losses caused by these tiny crea-
tures has been estimated based on the previous methodology presented by Prof J.N. Sasser and
D.W. Freckman. Chapter 2 illustrates the significance of biocontrol agents with particular emphasis
on fungi, bacteria, mites and predatory nematodes in the management of phytonematodes.
In Part II there are six chapters devoted to nematophagous fungi. The first chapter
broadly explains the role of nematophagous fungi against phytonematodes. Emphasis of the
subsequent chapters shifts to ecology, diversity and geographical distribution, virulence
mechanisms, formulation, mass production, application and commercialization of nematopha-
gous fungi. The last chapter of this part deals extensively with regulations and safety measures.
ix