Table Of ContentComposites Science and Technology
Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan
Mohd Shukry Abdul Majid
Mohd Ridzuan Mohd Jamir
Azwan Iskandar Azmi
Naheed Saba Editors
Biocomposite
Materials
Design and Mechanical Properties
Characterization
Composites Science and Technology
Series Editor
Mohammad Jawaid, Lab of Biocomposite Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
INTROP, Serdang, Malaysia
Composites Science and Technology (CST) book series publishes the latest
developments in the field of composite science and technology. It aims to publish
cutting edge research monographs (both edited and authored volumes) compre-
hensively covering topics shown below:
(cid:129) Composites from agricultural biomass/natural fibres include conventional
composites-Plywood/MDF/Fiberboard
(cid:129) Fabrication of Composites/conventional composites from biomass and natural
fibers
(cid:129) Utilization of biomass in polymer composites
(cid:129) Wood, and Wood based materials
(cid:129) Chemistry and biology of Composites and Biocomposites
(cid:129) Modelling of damage of Composites and Biocomposites
(cid:129) Failure Analysis of Composites and Biocomposites
(cid:129) Structural Health Monitoring of Composites and Biocomposites
(cid:129) Durability of Composites and Biocomposites
(cid:129) Biodegradability of Composites and Biocomposites
(cid:129) Thermal properties of Composites and Biocomposites
(cid:129) Flammability of Composites and Biocomposites
(cid:129) Tribology of Composites and Biocomposites
(cid:129) Bionanocomposites and Nanocomposites
(cid:129) Applications of Composites, and Biocomposites
To submit a proposal for a research monograph or have further inquries, please
contact springer editor, Ramesh Premnath ([email protected]).
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/16333
Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan
(cid:129)
Mohd Shukry Abdul Majid
(cid:129)
Mohd Ridzuan Mohd Jamir
(cid:129)
Azwan Iskandar Azmi Naheed Saba
(cid:129)
Editors
Biocomposite Materials
Design and Mechanical Properties
Characterization
123
Editors
MohamedThariq HameedSultan MohdShukryAbdul Majid
Department ofAerospace Engineering, Faculty of MechanicalEngineering
Faculty of Engineering Technology
Universiti PutraMalaysia Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Serdang,Selangor, Malaysia Arau,Perlis, Malaysia
MohdRidzuanMohdJamir AzwanIskandar Azmi
Faculty of MechanicalEngineering Faculty of MechanicalEngineering
Technology Technology
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Arau,Perlis, Malaysia Arau,Perlis, Malaysia
Naheed Saba
Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology,
Institute of Tropical Forestry andForest
Products(INTROP)
Universiti PutraMalaysia
Serdang,Selangor, Malaysia
Composites Science andTechnology
ISBN978-981-33-4090-9 ISBN978-981-33-4091-6 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4091-6
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Preface
Theuseofbiocompositematerialshasreceivedsignificantattentioninrecentyears,
in particular, due to the proliferated awareness of and drive towards more envi-
ronmentally sustainable technologies. In many cases, bio-based materials offer
lightweight applications, added functionality such as damping/impact absorption
andoccupationalhealthbenefits.Thusbio-basedmaterialshavebecomeapressing
issue both for academia and industry. A significant market driver for high volume
applicationsisthepotentialtodisassociatematerialcostsfromtheinconsistentprice
of oil and energy.
This book chapter offers ranges of biocomposites, and the natural fibres,
bio-basedpolymersandbio-basedcorematerialsusedtoproducethemandpresent
the current best practice in design, mechanical characterisation and applications.
The term “biocomposite” referred in the book represent fibre-reinforced polymer
composite materials where the fibres and matrix are bio-based. Kenaf, Jute,
Pineappleleaves(PALF),Hemp,andcoirarefrequentnaturalfibrereinforcements
inbiocompositesandhaveexcellentmechanicalproperties.Loosefibre,non-woven
matsandwovenfabricsarethemostcommonformsofnaturalfibreforcomposites,
withalignedvariantsofferingthebestmechanicalproperties.Fibretreatmentssuch
as salinisation or acetylation can be used to reduce moisture uptake and advance
compatibility with polymers. Artificial bio-based fibre reinforcements, such as
regenerated cellulose, are also available and offer higher homogeneity. In addition
to the studies aimed at refining basic mechanical properties and functionalities
ofthematerials,otherstudiesdedicatedtodevelopingeco-friendlycompositesand
biomedical materials for use in tissue engineering, scaffolds and implants.
v
vi Preface
We are thankful to all authors who contributed their valuable research in our
edited book. Editors are also thankful to Springer team for supporting and coop-
erationduringthewholeproject.Thoughtheprogressofthebookhasbeendelayed
bytheCOVID-19pandemicthatswepttheworld,wehavemadethrough,anditisa
truetestamenttotheperseveranceofallauthorsinvolvedintheproject.Thanksall.
Serdang, Malaysia Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan
Arau, Malaysia Mohd Shukry Abdul Majid
Arau, Malaysia Mohd Ridzuan Mohd Jamir
Arau, Malaysia Azwan Iskandar Azmi
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Naheed Saba
Contents
Green Biocomposites for Packaging Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Florencia Versino, Olivia Valeria López, and María Alejandra García
Towards Sustainable Buildings with Free-Form Geometries:
Development and Application of Flexible NFRP in Load-Bearing
Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Hanaa Dahy
PLA Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Nanomaterials. . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Narendra Reddy
Effect of Cellulose Nanocrystals on the Mechanical Properties
of Polymeric Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Matthew J. Dunlop, Bishnu Acharya, and Rabin Bissessur
Lignocellulosic Fiber-Reinforced PLA Green Composites:
Effects of Chemical Fiber Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
FarkhondehHemmati,TaraFarizeh,andJamshidMohammadi-Roshandeh
3D Printing of Continuous Natural Fibre Reinforced Biocomposites
for Structural Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
A. Mugeshwaran, Nalini Ranganathan, R. Joseph Bensingh,
and Sanjay K. Nayak
Manufacturing Defects in Natural Fibre Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Suriani Mat Jusoh
Carbon-Based Materials Reinforced Ultrahigh Molecular Weight
Polyethylene and Biocomposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Shahira Liza and Nur Hidayah Shahemi
Water Absorption Properties of Natural Fibres Reinforced PLA
Bio-Composite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Rozyanty Rahman and Nur Rusyidah Mustapa
vii
viii Contents
Characterization of the Time of Phytosanitary Treatment of Frozen
or Unfrozen Wood by Microwaves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
F. Erchiqui and H. Kaddami
Synthesis, Characterization, in Vitro Biocompatibility
and Antibacterial Properties Study of Nanocomposite Materials . . . . . . 307
Che Wan Sharifah Robiah Mohamad
Enhancement of Local Drug Delivery System Using Different Design
of Gentamicin Loaded in Carbonate Apatite Scaffold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
N. Mamat, M. Mariatti, Z. A. A. Hamid, and B. H. Yahaya
About the Editors
Prof. Ir. Ts. Dr. Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan is a Professional Engineer
(PEng) registered under the Board of Engineers Malaysia (BEM), a Professional
Technologist (PTech) registered under the Malaysian Board of Technologists, and
also a Charted Engineer (CEng) registered with the Institution of Mechanical
Engineers United Kingdom, currently attached to the Universiti Putra Malaysia as
the Head of the Biocomposite Technology Laboratory, Institute of Tropical
ForestryandForestProducts(INTROP),UPMSerdang,Selangor,Malaysia.Being
the Head of the Biocomposite Technology Laboratory, he is also appointed as an
Independent Scientific Advisor to Aerospace Malaysia Innovation Centre (AMIC)
basedinCyberjaya,Selangor,Malaysia.HereceivedhisPh.D.fromtheUniversity
of Sheffield, UK. He has about 10 years of experience in teaching as well as in
research. His area of research interests includes hybrid composites, advance
materials,structuralhealthmonitoring,andimpactstudies.Sofarhehaspublished
more than 100 international journal papers and received many awards locally and
internationally. In December 2017, he was awarded a Leaders in Innovation
Fellowship (LIF) by the Royal Academy of Engineering (Raeng), UK. He is also
theHonourableSecretaryoftheMalaysianSocietyofStructuralHealthMonitoring
(MSSHM) based in UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Currently, he is also
attachedtotheInstitutionofEngineersMalaysia(IEM)astheDeputyChairmanin
the Engineering Education Technical Division (E2TD).
Dr. Mohd Shukry Abdul Majid received his Bachelor of Engineering in
Mechanical Engineering from University Manchester Institute of Science and
Technology (UMIST) in 2001. Upon his return to Malaysia, he worked as a
research and development (R&D) engineer at a semiconductor industry before
joining Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP) as a lecturer in 2004. He completed
his M.Sc. in Mechanical Systems Engineering from the University of Liverpool in
2005 and his Ph.D. in Composite Engineering from Newcastle University, UK in
2011. Currently,heisservingUniversiti Malaysia Perlis as anAssociateProfessor
atFacultyofMechanicalEngineeringTechnology.Anadvocateofinterdisciplinary
research, his research interests lie in the strength of material’s area with emphasis
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