Biochemistry of Taste and Olfaction

564 Pages·1981·11.365 MB·English

by  Robert Cagan

Biochemistry
of Taste
and Olfaction
THE NUTRITION FOUNDATION
A Monograph Series
HORACE L. SIPPLE AND KRISTEN W. MCNUTT, EDS. : Sugars in Nutrition, 1974
ROBERT E. OLSON, ED.: Protein-Calorie Malnutrition, 1975
ANANDA S. PRASAD, ED.: Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease,
Volume I, Zinc and Copper, 1976; Volume II, Essential and Toxic Elements,
1976
MORLEY R. KARE AND OWEN MALLER, EDS. : The Chemical Senses and Nutri-
tion, 1977
JOHN N. HATHCOCK AND JULIUS COON, EDS. : Nutrition and Drug Inter-
relations, 1978
CLIFFORD F. GASTINEAU, WILLIAM J. DARBY, AND THOMAS B. TURNER, EDS. :
Fermented Food Beverages in Nutrition, 1979
MORLEY R. KARE, MELVIN J. FREGLY, AND RUDY A. BERNARD, EDS. : Biolog-
ical and Behavioral Aspects of Salt Intake, 1980
DONALD S. MCLAREN, ED.: Nutritional Ophthalmology, 1980
JENNY T. BOND, L.J. FILER, JR., GILBERT A. LEVEILLE, ANGUS THOMSON,
AND WILLIAM B. WEIL, EDS. : Infant and Child Feeding, 1981
ROBERT H. CAGAN AND MORLEY R. KARE, EDS. : Biochemistry of Taste and
Olfaction, 1981
In Preparation
DONALD C. BEITZ AND R. GAURTH HANSON, EDS.: Animal Products in
Human Nutrition
Biochemistry
of Taste
and Olfaction
Edited by
ROBERT H. CAGAN
Veterans Administration Medical Center and
Monell Chemical Senses Center and
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
MORLEY R. RARE
Monell Chemical Senses Center
and University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1981
ACADEMIC PRESS
A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
New York London Toronto Sydney San Francisco
COPYRIGHT © 1981, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR
TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC
OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY
INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT
PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER.
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.
Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003
United Kingdom Edition published by
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD.
24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Biochemistry of taste and olfaction.
"Based on the International Symposium on Biochemistry
of Taste and Olfaction, held April 21-23, 1980, at the
Monell Chemical Senses Center"—Pref.
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Taste—Congresses. 2. Smell—Congresses.
3. Chemoreceptors—Congresses. 4. Biological chemistry—
Congresses. I. Cagan, Robert Η. II. Kare, Morley
Richard, Date. [DNLM: 1. Smell—Congresses. 2. Taste-
Congresses. WV 301 B615 1980]
QP456.B56 612'.86 81-3469
ISBN 0-12-154450-8 AACR2
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
81 82 83 84 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
List of Contributors xv
Foreword xix
Preface xxm
Some Reflections on Biochemical Approaches to the
Phenomena of Taste and Olfaction
MANFRED L. KARNOVSKY
Text I
Parti Olfactory Receptor Mechanisms
1 Biochemical Studies on the Boar Pheromones,
5a-Androst-16-en-3-one and 5a-Androst-16-en-3a-ol, and
Their Metabolism by Olfactory Tissue
D. B. GOWER, M. R. HANCOCK, AND L. H. BANNISTER
I. Introduction 8
II. Androst-16-enes 8
III. Distribution of Tissues in the Porcine Nasal
Cavity 16
IV. Metabolism of [5a-3H]5a-Androstenone in Vitro by
Porcine Nasal Epithelium and the Effect of
17j8-Hydroxy-5 a-androstan-3-one 20
V
vi Contents
V. Subcellular Location and Co-factor Dependency of
3a- and 3/3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases 23
VI. Time Course of the Reduction of
[5a-3H]5a-Androstenone in Porcine Nasal Tissues
in Vitro 24
VII. Measurement of Apparent K Values for
m
3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases in Porcine Nasal
Tissues 25
VIII. Possible Significance of 3-Hydroxysteroid
Dehydrogenases in Porcine Nasal Epithelium 26
References 28
2 Accessibility of Odorant Molecules to the Receptors
DAVID E. HORNUNG AND MAXWELL M. MOZELL
I. Introduction 33
II. Odorant Access 34
III. Mucosa/Air Partitioning of Odorants 38
IV. Odorant Removal 40
V. Limitation of the Radioisotope Procedures 42
VI. Further Considerations 43
VII. Conclusion 44
References 44
3 Role of Cilia in Olfactory Recognition
LINDA D. RHEIN AND ROBERT H. CAGAN
I. Introduction 47
II. Cilia in Sensory Organs 48
III. Morphology of Olfactory Cilia 49
IV. Experimental Basis for Role of Cilia in
Olfaction 52
V. Odorant Interactions Studied Biochemically 53
VI. Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of
Olfactory Cilia 57
VII. Isolation of Plasma Membranes from Cilia 62
VIII. Future Prospects 63
References 65
Contents vii
4 Receptor Proteins in Vertebrate Olfaction
STEVEN PRICE
I. Introduction 69
II. Olfactory Receptor Proteins 70
III. Research Needs 80
References 81
5 Chemosensation: An Aspect of the Uniqueness of the
Individual
Κ. YAMAZAKI, M. YAMAGUCHI, G. K. BEAUCHAMP,
J. BARD, E. A. BOYSE, AND L. THOMAS
Text 85
References 90
6 The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Olfactory
Receptors
NEIL I. GOLDSTEIN AND ROBERT H. CAGAN
I. Introduction 93
II. Self, Non-Self, and Olfaction 95
III. Monoclonal Antibody Production 96
IV. Experimental Study of Relationships between
Olfactory Receptors and the MHC 100
V. Future Prospects 102
References 103
Part I Discussion 107
νίίί Contents
Part Π Taste Receptor Mechanisms
7 Comparative Study of Sweet Taste Specificity
WILLIAM JAKINOVICH, JR.
I. Introduction 117
II. Specificity of Sugar Taste Response 118
III. Nonsugar Sweeteners 126
IV. Receptor Site Models 132
V. Research Needs 133
References 134
8 Biochemical Aspects of Sugar Reception in Insects
KAI HANSEN AND HELMUT WIECZOREK
I. Introduction 139
II. General Features of Taste Hairs 140
III. Specificity of the Sugar Receptor 142
IV. Transduction 145
V. The Pharmacological Approach 148
VI. Glucosidases as Possible Receptor Proteins of the
Pyranose Site 154
References 159
9 A Molecular Approach to Intensity/Time Phenomena
in Sugar Sweetness
GORDON G. BIRCH
I. Introduction 163
II. Measurements and Observations in Intensity/Time
Relationships 165
III. Significance of Time in Models of Chemoreception
and Transduction 167
IV. Intensity/Time and the Sweet Pharmacophore 170
Contents ix
V. Conclusions and Future Prospects 171
References 172
10 Recognition of Taste Stimuli at the Initial Binding
Interaction
ROBERT H. CAGAN
I. Introduction 175
II. Sweet Taste Receptors 178
III. Glutamate Taste Receptors 181
IV. Catfish Taste Receptors and the Role of the Plasma
Membrane 184
V. Taste Receptor Site Antagonist 190
VI. Covalent Labeling and Isolation of a Taste-Receptor
Macromolecule 192
VII. Research Needs 197
References 199
Part II Discussion 205
Part III Physicochemistry and Transduction
11 Physicochemical Principles in Taste and Olfaction
JOHN A. DESIMONE
I. Introduction 213
II. Mass Transport in Chemoreception 215
III. A Generalized Response Function 223
IV. Surface Activity and Taste 225
V. Research Needs 226
References 227