Table Of ContentBiocatalysis
and Nanotechnology
Pan Stanford Series on Biocatalysis
Series Editor
Peter Grunwald
Titles in the Series
Published Vol. 3
Biocatalysis and Nanotechnology
Peter Grunwald, ed.
Vol. 1 2017
Industrial Biocatalysis 978-981-4613-69-9 (Hardcover)
Peter Grunwald, ed. 978-1-315-19660-2 (eBook)
2015
978-981-4463-88-1 (Hardcover)
978-981-4463-89-8 (eBook) Forthcoming
Vol. 2 Vol. 4
Handbook of Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis
Carbohydrate-Modifying Peter Grunwald, ed.
Biocatalysts 2018
Peter Grunwald, ed.
2016
978-981-4669-78-8 (Hardcover)
978-981-4669-79-5 (eBook)
Published by
Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
Penthouse Level, Suntec Tower 3
8 Temasek Boulevard
Singapore 038988
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.panstanford.com
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Biocatalysis and Nanotechnology
Copyright © 2017 Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any
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For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee
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required from the publisher.
Cover image: Courtesy of Mark Riedel, Daniel Schäfer, and Fred Lisdat,
Technical University of Wildau, Germany.
ISBN 978-981-4613-69-9 (Hardcover)
ISBN 978-1-315-19660-2 (eBook)
Printed in the USA
Contents
Preface
xxi
1. Fundamentals of Nanotechnology 1
Torben Kodanek, Sara Sánchez Paradinas, Franziska Lübkemann,
Dirk Dorfs, and Nadja C. Bigall
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Physical Effects on the Nanometer Scale 3
1.2.1 Electronic Properties 3
1.2.2 Surface-Related Properties of Nanocrystals 8
1.2.3 Magnetism-Superparamagnetism 9
1.2.4 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances 11
1.2.5 Interactions between Two Nanoparticles 14
1.2.6 Interactions within Nanoheterostructures 15
1.2.7 Summary 15
1.3 Nanofabrication 16
1.3.1 Wet Chemical Preparation 17
1.3.1.1 Hydro-/solvothermal synthesis 17
1.3.1.2 Microwave-assisted synthesis 18
1.3.1.3 Aqueous colloidal synthesis 19
1.3.1.4 Organic colloidal synthesis 21
1.3.1.5 Sol-gel methods 24
1.3.1.6 Dendrimers and micelles 25
1.3.2 Solid-State Preparation 26
1.3.2.1 Milling 26
1.3.2.2 Lithography 28
1.3.3 Gas-Phase Methods 29
1.3.3.1 Furnace flow reactors 30
1.3.3.2 Laser pyrolysis 30
1.3.3.3 Laser ablation of solids 30
vi Contents
1.3.3.4 Inert gas condensation 31
1.3.3.5 Electrospraying 32
1.3.4 Deposition Methods 33
2. 1B.i4o catSaulmysmis:a Aryn Introduction 3465
Peter Grunwald
2.1 Introduction 45
2.2 Biocatalysts: General Aspects 46
2.2.1 Classification of Biocatalysts 47
2.2.2 Protein Biosynthesis and Protein
Architecture 49
2.2.3 Many Biocatalysts Require Cofactors 52
2.2.4 Enzyme Kinetics 54
2.2.4.1 The active site 55
2.2.4.2 The Michaelis–Menten equation 57
2.2.4.3 Temperature dependence 58
2.2.4.4 Promiscuous enzymes 59
2.3 Design of Biotransformations and Enzymatically
Catalyzed Reactions 60
2.3.1 Immobilization of Biocatalysts 60
2.3.2 Non-Conventional Reaction Media 65
2.3.2.1 Organic solvents 65
2.3.2.2 Ionic liquids 67
2.3.2.3 Supercritical fluids 69
2.3.3 Hydrogenase Mimics for Hydrogen
Production 71
2.4 Improving the Properties of Enzymes 73
2.4.1 Making Use of Biodiversity 73
2.4.2 Enzyme Engineering Approaches 74
2.4.3 Directed Evolution 75
2.4.4 Hot Spot Wizard 76
2.4.5 De Novo Computational Protein Design 77
2.4.6 Systems Metabolic Engineering Approaches 78
2.5 Application of Enzymes and Outlook 79
Contents vii
3. Environmentally Benign Nanomaterial Synthesis
Mediated by Culture Broths 89
Lihong Liu, Fang Xie, Xiuxia Meng, Vishnu Parek,
and Shaomin Liu
3.1 Introduction 89
3.2 Biosynthesis of NPs 91
3.3 Production of NPs Using Proteins and
Polysaccharides 91
3.4 Production of NPs by Various Microbes 94
3.5 Microorganism Culture Broth-Mediated
NP Synthesis 99
3.5.1 Au NPs 102
3.5.2 AgNPs 105
3.5.2.1 Nano-Ag embedded AgCl 107
3.5.3 FeMn NPs 108
3.5.4 Reduced Graphene Oxide 109
3.5.5 ZnO Nano/Micro Structures 110
4. 3R.a6t ionCaoln Dcleussigionn os fa Enndz Oymutelo–oPko lymer Biocatalysts 111231
Omkar V. Zore, Rajeswari M. Kasi, and Challa V. Kumar
4.1 Introduction 121
4.2 Strategy for the Multi-Site Covalent Attachment
of PAA to Enzyme Surfaces 129
4.3 Hemoglobin 130
4.3.1 Synthesis of Hb-PAA Conjugates 132
4.3.2 Synthesis of Hb-PAA-Ester Conjugates 132
4.3.3 Infrared Spectroscopy 132
4.3.4 Zeta Potential Studies 133
4.3.5 TEM and DLS 133
4.3.6 Protein Structure within the Conjugates 134
K V
4.3.7 Activity Studies 136
4.3.7.1 M and max Studies 138
4.4 Glucose Oxidase and Horseradish Peroxidase
Bienzyme 140
viii Contents
4.4.1 Synthesis of Bienzyme-PAA and Single
Enzyme Conjugates 141
4.4.2 Agarose Gel Electrophoresis 142
4.4.3 Zeta Potential Studies 143
4.4.4 Circular Dichroism Studies 143
4.4.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy 144
4.4.6 Activity Studies at Room Temperature
and pH 7.4 144
4.4.6.1 Activity studies at different
pHs in presence and absence
of a chemical denaturant 144
4.4.6.2 High-temperature activity 145
4.4.6.3 Kinetics studies 146
5. 4B.i5o logCiocanlc Slutrsaiotengsi es in Nanobiocatalyst Assembly 114561
Ian Dominic F. Tabañag and Shen-Long Tsai
5.1 Introduction 151
5.2 DNA-Directed Immobilization 154
5.3 Affinity Tag or Binding Peptides 159
5.3.1 Polyhistidine Tag 161
5.3.2 Some Other Commonly Used
Affinity Tags 164
5.4 Enzyme-Assisted Covalent Immobilization 167
5.4.1 Sortase A-Mediated Immobilization 168
5.4.2 Transglutaminase-Mediated
Immobilization 169
5.4.3 Phosphopantetheinyl
Transferase-Mediated Immobilization 171
6
5.4.4 O -Alkyl Guanine Transferase-Mediated
Immobilization 172
5.4.5 Enzyme Immobilization via Tyrosine
Cross-Linking 173
5.5 Other Affinity Tags: Unnatural Amino Acids 175
5.6 Leucine Zippers 179
5.7 Self-Assembling Protein Scaffolds 183
Contents ix
5.7.1 S-Layer Proteins 183
5.7.2 Boiling-Stable Protein 1 186
5.7.3 Inclusion Body Display 188
5.7.4 Oleosins 190
5.7.5 Virus-Like Particles 192
5.7.5.1 Phage display for enzyme
improvement and selection 194
5.7.5.2 VLPs as enzyme scaffolds 195
5.7.5.3 VLPs as enzyme nanocages 197
5.8 Cellulosomes 200
5.8.1 Cohesin-Dockerin–Based Designer
Cellulosomes 201
5.8.1.1 Protein scaffold-based assembly
of designer cellulosomes and
hemicellulosomes 202
5.8.1.2 Cell surface display of
minicellulosomes and
minihemicellulosomes:
a whole-cell biocatalyst
approach for the consolidated
bio-processing strategy 205
5.8.2 Artificial Cellulosomes 210
5.9 Evaluation of the Different Immobilized
Enzyme Systems as Industrial Biocatalysts 213
6. G5.r1a0p heCnoen-cBlausdeindg N Raenmobariokcsa talytic Systems 222483
Michaela Patila, George Orfanakis, Angeliki C. Polydera,
Ioannis V. Pavlidis, and Haralambos Stamatis
6.1 Introduction 243
6.2 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials as Enzyme
Immobilization Supports 246
6.3 Immobilization Approaches for Enzyme
Attachment onto Graphene-Based Nanomaterials 247
6.4 Effect of GBNs on Structure and Catalytic
Behavior of Enzymes 254
