Biobased smart polyurethane nanocomposites - from synthesis to applications

357 Pages·2017·15.672 MB·English

by  Niranjan Karak, Hans-Jörg Schneider, Mohsen Shahinpoor

Biobased Smart Polyurethane Nanocomposites
From Synthesis to Applications
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Smart Materials
Series editors:
Hans-Jörg Schneider, Saarland University, Germany
1 Mohsen Shahinpoor, University of Maine, USA
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1- Titles in this series:
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1 1: Janus Particle Synthesis, Self-Assembly and Applications
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8 2: Smart Materials for Drug Delivery: Volume 1
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1 3: Smart Materials for Drug Delivery: Volume 2
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9 4: Materials Design Inspired by Nature
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03 5: Responsive Photonic Nanostructures: Smart Nanoscale Optical Materials
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0. 6: Magnetorheology: Advances and Applications
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oi: 7: Functional Nanometer-Sized Clusters of Transition Metals: Synthesis,
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g | Properties and Applications
c.or 8: Mechanochromic Fluorescent Materials: Phenomena, Materials and
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s.r Applications
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pu 9: Cell Surface Engineering: Fabrication of Functional Nanoshells
p:// 10: Biointerfaces: Where Material Meets Biology
n htt 11: Semiconductor Nanowires: From Next-Generation Electronics to
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7 Sustainable Energy
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20 12: Supramolecular Materials for Opto-Electronics
ust 13: Photocured Materials
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A 14: Chemoresponsive Materials: Stimulation by Chemical and Biological
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d o 15: Functional Metallosupramolecular Materials
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h 16: Bio-Synthetic Hybrid Materials and Bionanoparticles: A Biological
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bli Chemical Approach Towards Material Science
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17: Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMCs): Smart Multi-Functional
Materials and Artificial Muscles Volume 1
18: Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMCs): Smart Multi-Functional
Materials and Artificial Muscles Volume 2
19: Conducting Polymers: Bioinspired Intelligent Materials and Devices
20: Smart Materials for Advanced Environmental Applications
21: Self-cleaning Coatings: Structure, Fabrication and Application
22: Functional Polymer Composites with Nanoclays
23: Bioactive Glasses: Fundamentals, Technology and Applications
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24: Smart Materials for Tissue Engineering: Fundamental Principles
25: Smart Materials for Tissue Engineering: Applications
26: Biobased Smart Polyurethane Nanocomposites: From Synthesis to
Applications
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How to obtain future titles on publication:
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Biobased Smart Polyurethane
Nanocomposites
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97 By
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oi: Tezpur University, India
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9/ Smart Materials No. 26
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0. Print ISBN: 978-1-78801-180-8
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oi: PDF ISBN: 978-1-78801-189-1
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or ISSN: 2046-0066
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bs.r A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
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p:// © Niranjan Karak 2017
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on All rights reserved
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2 Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of research for non-commercial purposes or for
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Au Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003, this publication may
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91- Preface
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0. Polyurethane (PU) is one of the most versatile industrially important petro-
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oi: chemical-based products and finds applications in almost all sectors, such as
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g | packaging, furniture, bedding, building, construction, coatings, adhesives,
c.or sealants, elastomers, appliances, automobile, footwear, smart materials, bio-
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s.r medical, etc. However, the depletion of petroleum oil pools across the globe
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pu and the stringent environmental rules and regulations as a result of global
p:// warming are prompting the society to use biobased renewable resources to
n htt sustain our civilization. Therefore, sustainable products based on such novel
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7 polymeric material are the need of the hour to minimize our dependency on
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20 fossil fuels and reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. Further, to meet
ust the demand of advanced applications, these biobased PUs need to be mod-
g
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A ified through novel and innovative techniques, as they are typically poor in
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. n 0 performance. Further, incorporation of branching in the chains enhances the
d o processing properties and other attributes of said polymers. Thus, biobased
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h hyperbranched PU has gained tremendous interest in recent times due to
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bli its inherent advantages over conventional materials. Again, over the last two
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decades or so, nanomaterials have appeared in every sphere of the materials
field because of their unique combination of properties. However, their size-
dependent nanostructural properties can only be explored if agglomeration can
be prevented. Therefore, in order to overcome their individual shortcomings,
as well as to exploit possible synergistic effects, these two unique categories of
materials must be combined together to tailor the structure and properties of
the resultant system. The approaches should also adopt the triple bottom line
concept, achieve a high carbon credit, and follow the tenets of green chemistry.
This book on “Biobased Smart Polyurethane Nanocomposites: From Synthe-
sis to Applications” is devoted to this endeavor. It is a book on biobased biode-
gradable PU nanocomposites with hyperbranched structural architecture and
their related technology. This book is written to provide the basic concepts

Smart Materials No. 26
Biobased Smart Polyurethane Nanocomposites: From Synthesis to Applications
By Niranjan Karak
© Niranjan Karak, 2017
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
vii
View Online
viii Preface
along with in-depth understanding on the subject. The purpose of the book
is to present biobased PU polymers with hyperbranched structural architec-
ture as the matrix for various nanomaterials to achieve nanocomposites with
unique combinations of properties, so that the demands on advanced sustain-
able polymeric products in fields such as active paints and coatings, shape
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0 memory materials, self-healing materials, self-cleaning materials, biomateri-
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1- als, packing materials, adhesives, construction materials, automobile mate-
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8 rials, energy harvesting materials, appliance materials, etc. can be fulfilled.
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0 Thus, this book will be useful for students at the graduate and postgraduate
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7 level, including diploma holders in the field. Students in the fields of polymer
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7 science and technology, chemical science and engineering, materials science
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39/ and engineering, medical science and technology, environmental science and
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0.1 engineering, biochemical engineering, biotechnology, etc. can use this book
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oi: as a supplementary text material in the field of biobased PU nanocomposites.
d
g | The need for this book is very high at this moment, when the search for sus-
or tainable products through ‘green’ approaches is at its peak.
c.
s.rs Biobased biodegradable hyperbranched PU nanocomposites are one of
b
u the most useful polymeric materials in the current scenario of advanced
p
p:// materials for today’s civilized society. They are not only versatile owing to
htt their structural diversity, but they can also be produced by facile approaches.
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7 o Almost all sectors are currently in urgent need of environmentally friendly
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0 sustainable materials and this book attempts to compile materials that fol-
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st low the principles of green chemistry with the triple bottom line approach
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u to realize a clean and safe environment for future generations. The book is
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. n 08 thus aiming to be a valuable document in this field for not only students and
o teachers, but also the industry and R&D professionals.
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he The book covers basic concepts, preparation, characterization, properties,
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bli processing, and applications of biobased biodegradable hyperbranched PUs,
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P different classes of nanomaterials, and their nanocomposites. It is divided in
two parts with a total of 10 chapters. The first part consists of three chapters
dealing with materials like PU, nanomaterials, and nanocomposites. Chapter 1
deals with the fundamentals such as the concept, classification, preparation,
modification, characterization, and properties of biobased PUs from raw
materials to applications. The second chapter covers the basic understand-
ing on various nanomaterials and includes classifications, preparation, mod-
ification, characterization, and properties, along with a few applications. The
last chapter of this part describes the concept, classification, preparation,
characterization, and properties of biobased PU nanocomposites with a brief
discussion of their applications. It focuses on the industrially relevant appli-
cations for such sustainable advanced polymeric materials. The second part
of this book elaborates on the applications of these novel polymeric materi-
als in various advanced fields. This part comprises seven chapters. Chapters
4 to 9 cover six important applications of this class of nanocomposites, while
the last chapter highlights other relevant applications as much as possible.
Chapter 4 deals with different types of paints and surface coatings required
for modern applications, where such materials can be used as binders.
It includes the concept, significance, classification, components, testing,
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Preface ix
and analysis methods, properties, and applications of paints and coatings
and their current issues. Such unique smart polymeric materials are typi-
cally obtained from the most versatile polymers, such as PU, which exhibit
special structural contributions. Smart applications of PU like shape mem-
ory, self-healing, and self-cleaning are thus presented in Chapter 5, 6, and
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0 7, respectively. All these chapters provide the basic understanding, signifi-
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1- cance, classification, mechanism, testing methods, requirements, and appli-
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8 cations on those topics. As PU is considered an important biomaterial and
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0 health is currently the foremost issue, Chapter 8 discusses the importance,
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7 definition, classification, biological characterization, fabrication, related
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7 properties, and applications of biobased biodegradable PU nanocomposites
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39/ as biomaterials. Petrochemical-based polymeric packaging materials have
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0.1 caused environmental havoc over the decades and, thus, in order to address
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oi: such detrimental issues, biobased biodegradable sustainable PU materials
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g | are reaching the market as the need of the hour. Chapter 9 describes the
or fundamentals, significance, testing and analysis, related properties, and
c.
s.rs applications of a few commercially marketed packaging products based on
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u PU. The last chapter of the book is devoted to highlighting other important
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p:// applications of PU-based products in adhesives, automobiles, agriculture,
htt construction, electrical and electronic, energy, footwear, etc. A state of art
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7 o literature review on biobased biodegradable PU and its nanocomposites is
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0 included in each chapter. The conclusions and future trends are highlighted,
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st and references are cited in each chapter to help the learner explore the topic.
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u This book is dedicated to my teachers and students, through whom I am
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. n 08 gaining knowledge on this subject. The author acknowledges with sincere
o thanks all the writers, researchers, and publishers who actually performed and
d
he published the work, advancing the understanding of the subject. The author
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bli is also thankful to all his students, in particular the research scholars Dr Nan-
u
P dini Dutta, Dr Jatishmoy Borah, Dr Sibdas Singha Mahapatra, Dr Suvangshu
Dutta, Dr Harekrishna Deka, Dr Uday Konwar, Dr Gautam Das, Dr Budhadev
Roy, Dr Rocktatpol Konwarh, Dr Hemjyoti Kalita, Dr Sujata Pramanik, Dr Shas-
wat Barua, Dr Beauty Das, Dr Suman Thakur, Dr Bibekananda De, Dr Satyabrat
Gogoi. Ms Rituporna Duarah, Ms Deepshikha Hazarika, Ms Aditi Saikia, Mr
Rajarshi Bayan, and Mr Gaurav Gogi, who carried out the laboratory work
and encouraged me to write this book. Special thanks go to my parents (Maya
Rani and Gopal Chandra), wife (Susmita), and son (Soham) for their blessing,
patience, and encouragement. The author also thanks the series editors and
the team members at the Royal Society of Chemistry for their whole-hearted
support, patience, and interest in this book. All the teachers, colleagues, and
friends, who directly or indirectly helped and encouraged me in various ways
to complete this book, are gratefully acknowledged. Last, but not the least, it
is the author's privilege to sincerely thank the Vice-chancellor of Tezpur Uni-
versity and the Heads of other organizations and institutes for allowing me to
use their libraries and other related facilities for the preparation of this book.
Niranjan Karak
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91- Abbreviations and Symbols
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0.  AESO   Acrylated epoxidized   dL   Deciliter(s)
1
oi: soybean oil DMA   Dynamic 
d
g | AFM   Atomic force microscopy mechanical 
c.or AgNP   Silver nanoparticle analysis
s
s.r AIBN   Azobisisobutyronitrile DMAc   Dimethylacet-
b
pu ASTM   American society for   amide
p:// testing and materials DMF   Dimethylforma-
n htt BPO   Benzoyl peroxide mide
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7 bp   Boiling point DMPA (bis-MPA)   Dimethylol  
1
20 cc   Cubic centimeter(s) propionic acid
ust CD   Carbon dot DMSO   Dimethylsulfoxide
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A CEC   Cation exchange capacity DNA   Deoxyribonucleic 
8
. n 0 CHEM   Cold hibernated elastic  acid
d o memory DSC   Differential scan-
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h cm   Centimeter(s) ning calorimetry
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bli CMC   Carboxyl methyl cellulose e−   electron(s)
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CNSL   Cashew nut shell liquid EDX   Energy-dispersive 
CNT   Carbon nanotube X-ray
CTAB  C  etyl tributyl ammonium  EIS   Electrochemical  
bromide impedance 
CVD   Chemical vapor  spectroscopy
deposition ESO   Epoxidized  
DB   Degree of branching soybean oil
DBTDL  D  ibutyl tin dilaurate FESEM   Field emission 
DCO   Dehydrated castor oil scanning electron 
DP   Degree of polymerization microscope
deg C/°C   Degree centigrade FPU   Fluorinated 
dia.   Diameter polyurethane

Smart Materials No. 26
Biobased Smart Polyurethane Nanocomposites: From Synthesis to Applications
By Niranjan Karak
© Niranjan Karak, 2017
Published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, www.rsc.org
xi