Table Of ContentBioavailability of Organic Xenobiotics
in the Environment
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Se ries 2: Environment - Vol. 64
Bioavailability of
Organic Xenobiotics
in the Environment
Practical Consequences for the Environment
edited by
Ph. Baveye
Laboratory 01 Environmental Geophysics,
Cornell University,
Ithaca, NY, U.S.A.
J.-C. Block
Laboratoire Sante Environnement,
UMR Universite CNRS 7564,
Faculte de Pharmacie,
Vandceuvre les Nancy, France
and
V.V. Goncharuk
Dumansky Institute 01 Water and Colloidal Chemistry,
Science Academyc 01 Ukraine,
Kiev, Ukraine
Springer-Science+Business Media, BV.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Bioavailability of Organic Xenobiotics in the Environment,
Prague, Czech Republic
18-29 August 1997
A C.J.P. Cataiogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-90-481-5311-4 ISBN 978-94-015-9235-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-9235-2
Printed on acid-free paper
AII Rights Reserved
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1999
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by
any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright
owner.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ................................................................................................. vii
Contributors ......................................................................................... ix
Part I. Organic Pollutants and Bioremediation
Persistent Organic Contaminants in the Environment: PAHs as a Case
Study ............................................................................................... 3
B. Maliszewska-Kordybach
Evaluation of Contamination Level of Dnieper River Basin by
Organic and Inorganie Toxieants ........................................................... 35
V. V. Goncharuk and M. V. Milyukin
Underground Pollution at a Former Military Installation in Valciunai
(Lithuania) ....................................................................................... 57
N. Seyris and A. Marcinonis
Applieation of a Biodegradation-Redox Model for Predieting
* ............................................................
Bioremediation Performance 73
G.R. Carey, P.l. Van Geel, E.A. McBean and F.A. Rovers
Bioremediation of Environments Contaminated with Organie
Xenobioties: Putting Microbial Metabolism to Work: What
happens with the Contaminant onee it has reaehed the Cell Surfaee? ............. 79
A.l.B. Zehnder
Faetors Controlling the Biodegradation of Chemieals in Soils ...................... 93
S. Fass, H. Vaudrey, T.M. Vogel, and J.-c. Block
Part 11. Assessment of Bioavailability
The Use of Laboratory Model Systems to Elucidate the Meehanisms
of B ioavailability of Hydrophobie Organic Compounds ........................... 121
H. Harms
Pollutant Aging Studies in Soils. ReIevancy of Beneh Seale
Assessments to Field Conditions * ...................................................... 135
E.A. Guthrie
Factors Affecting the Evaluation of Long-Term PCB Biodegradation in
Soils by White Rot Fungi *. .............................................................. 141
A. Kubatova and P. Erbanova
Quantifying the Intrinsie Bioremediation Potential and the Hazard
Index of Organie Xenobiotics in Aquifers Based on their
* ......................................................................
Bioavailability Rates 147
Y. Dudal, L. Deschenes and R. Samson
*
Initially given at the Institute as a short volunteered presentation
vi
The Use of Whole-Cell Living Biosensors to Determine the
Bioavailability of Pollutants to Micoorganisms * ................................... 153
M.C.M. Jaspers, S. Totevova, K. Demnerova, H. Harms and
J.R. Vand Der Meer
Abiotie Transformations ofOrganie Xenobioties in Soils: A
Compounding Faetor in the Assessment of Bioavailability ....................... 159
P. Ruggiero
Evaluation of Soil Adsorption-Desorption Capacity far the
Assessment of Pesticide Bioavailability ................................................ 207
M. Gennari and C. Gessa
Bioavailability of Organie Xenobioties in the Environment:
A Critieal Perspeetive ....................................................................... 227
P. Baveye and R. Bladon
Part III. Processes that Control Bioavailability
Physico-Chemieal Charaeterization, Reaetivity and Biodegradability of
Soil-Organie Matter ........................................................................................ 251
J. Berthelin, C. Munier-Lamy, J.-M.Portal and F. Toutain
Organie Pollutants Assoeiated with Maeromoleeular Soil Organie
Matter and Natural Formation ofBound Residues ........................................ 297
H. H. Richnow, E. Annweiler, W. Fritsche and M. Kästner
Phase-Distributions ofHydrophobie Chemieals in the Aquatie Environment:
Existing Partioning Models are Unable to Prediet the Dissolved
Component in Several Common Situations .................................................. 327
O. Gustafsson and P. Gschwend
Bioavailability of Xenobiotie Organie Compounds to Remediate Soil
Containing Clay Fraetions: Limits of Engineering Solutions ....................... 349
M. Elektorowicz, L. Ju and J.A. Oleszkiewicz
Effeet of PAHs and Heavy Metals on Aetivity of Soil Mieroflora * .............. 377
B. Smreczak, B. Maliszewska-Kordybach and S. Martyniuk
Transport of Organic Xenobiotics in the Environment... ............................. 381
B. L. Hoyle and P. Baveye
Part IV. Strategies to Modify Bioavailability in Situ
Limited Bioavailability of Organie Contaminants in the Environment:
Poliey Implications ......................................................................................... 409
W. Verstraete
The Role of Plants in the Remediation of Contaminated Soils:
Phytoremediation of Soils .............................................................................. 429
J.-L. Morel, c.H. Chaineau, M. Schiavon, and E. Lichtfouse
Vll
Reduction of the Bioavailability of PAHS in Heavily Contaminated
Soils and Sediments Treated via a Physico-Chemical Process ................... .451
1. Newton,P. Baveye and M. Spagnuolo
Surfactants-Enhanced Bioremediation: A Review ofthe Effects of
Surfactants on the Bioavailability ofHydrophobic Organic Chemieals
in Soils ............................................................................................................ 463
Ryan N. Jordan and Alfred B. Cunningham
Subject Index ..................................................................................... .497
PREFACE
All over the world, ever-increasing amounts of organic xenobiotics (i. e., organic
chemicals that are not products of biosynthesis) are released into the environment. This
release may be a direct consequence of the industrial, agricultural, or domestic usage of
these chemicals. Often, it is a result of accidents or negligence. In the past forty years,
the ensuing pollution of the atmosphere, of seas and oceans, of surface waters and of
subsurface porous formations (soils, aquifers) has become the cause of major societal
concern in industrialized countries.
In North America and to a lesser extent in Western Europe, this concern about
pollution by organic xenobiotics gave rise to a significant remediation effort, beginning
in the seventies. Various strategies were developed. For contaminated sediments, for
example, they included incineration, disposal in landfills, and an array of pump-and-treat
procedures. In the last two decades, bioremediation, both ex- and in situ , has also
emerged as a major contender in this field, in large part because of its cost
competitiveness. Unfortunately, in spite of an initially widespread enthusiasm for
bioremediation, it has in many cases failed to deliver adequate results in the (usually too
short) timeframes allowed for clean-up, and its adoption rate has begun to stagnate.
This disappointing performance appears related to the entrapment of organic xenobiotics
within the soil or sediment matrix, and the resuIting low availability of these
compounds to microorganisms. A related problem is that, occasionally, the effect of
bioremediation strategies does not seem to last very long; in a number of well
documented cases, xenobiotics concentrations in groundwater were back to their original
level (above regulatory standards) barely a year after bioremediation had been declared
successful.
Observations of this nature have generated in recent years in North America and
Western Europe a very significant wave of interest in the "bioavailability" issue. Rare
are the leading microbiology or environmental science journals these days that do not
contain one or more articles dealing in some way with the Iimited bioavailability of
organic xenobiotics in the environment. As is usual at the onset of a major research
effort, many experimental observations are puzzling and contradictory, mechanistic
theories are embryonic, and implications for the practice of bioremediation or
concerning the natural fate of xenobiotics are still temptative. In the midst of the on
going debate on the causes and practical consequences of the limited bioavailability of
contaminants, some researchers have argued that current regulatory standards for the
concentrations of organic xenobiotics in subsurface environments should be lowered.
This proposal has caused significant controversy among scientists.
In the environmental arena, Eastern European countries are now evolving in a
direction similar to that adopted by North America and Western Europe in the seventies.
Public outcry about environmental pollution in the region emerged recently, in the
wake of a liberalization of the economy and politicallife. In several countries, public
pressure has managed to force governmental authorities to identify the most polluted
sites, to prioritize clean-up needs, and to launch important remediation projects,
somewhat like at the Superfund sites in the United States. The strategies adopted in
these projects are developed locally or result from a transfer of technology from North
America and Western Europe. In many cases, severe language barriers, limited access
to bibliographical sources are hindering the adoption of techniques that are state-of-the
art in the West. For the same reasons and also, at least partly, because of the lack of a
IX
x
strong pluridisciplinary tradition, the vigorous debate on the bioavailability of organic
xenobiotics taking place in Western countries is only faintly echoed in Eastern Europe.
These observations prompted us to organize an international workshop or
conference that would allow a number of scientists and practitioners in Eastern
European countries to get acquainted with the key aspects of the debate on
bioavailability that is unfolding in scientific publications in the West, and with its
implications for bioremediation efforts. The intended objectives of such a conference
fortunately fell under the general auspices of the NATO Scientific Affairs Division,
who accepted to provide financial support for the venture.
As a result, an Advanced Study Institute was held in Jesenfk (Czech Republic) from
August 18 to 29, 1997. The institute was attended by 61 participants from 19
countries (Belarus, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, France,
Lithuania, Poland, Rumania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, The Netherlands,
Turkey, Ukraine, United States, Uzbekistan). Twenty-two lectures were delivered by
researchers from Belgium, Canada, France, Italy, Lithuania, Sweden, Switzerland,
Ukraine and the United States. The lectures were complemented by short presentations
made by the participants, and by numerous stimulating discussions. In addition, a one
day trip was organized to visit field sites in the region of Ostrava, in the Eastern part of
the Czech Republic.
The present book contains the text of the main lectures, and of six short
presentations selected because they complemented particularly weIl the coverage
provided by the main lectures. The organization of the chapters in four parts is
somewhat arbitrary, because some of them cover several aspects of the topic at hand and
are therefore difficult to classify. Nevertheless, we believe that the book, as a whole,
presents a very complete coverage of the theoretical and practical aspects of the (limited)
bioavailability of organic xenobiotics in the environment. As such, we hope that it
will prove invaluable to scientists and practitioners who are confronted with this issue.
In putting this book together, the editors were greatly helped by Ms. Rebecca
Bladon and Dr. Philip Berger, who volunteered to provide editorial assistance to several
of the authors, and by Mrs. Monique Braconot's infaillible secretarial support. Their
time and efforts are acknowledged with gratitude. Special thanks are also extended to L.
Veiga da Cunha and the NATO Science Committee, of the NATO Scientific Affairs
Division, for making the institute possible.
The Editors:
Philippe Baveye
Jean-Claude Block
Vladislav Goncharuk
CONTRIBUTORS
Annweiler. E., Institut für Biogeochimie und Meereschemie, Universität Hamburg,
Bundesstrasse 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
Baveye. P., Laboratory of Environmental Geophysics, Bradfield Hall, Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1901, USA
a
Berthelin, J., Centre de Pedologie Biologique, UPR 6831 du CNRS associee
I'Universite Henri-Poincare Nancy I, 17 rue Notre Dame des Pauvres, 54500
Vandoeuvre, France.
Bladon, R.S., Comparative and Environmental Toxicology, Riley-Robb Hall, Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1901, USA
Block, J.-c., Laboratoire Sante Environnement - LCPE, UMR Universite-CNRS
7564, Faculte de Pharmacie - Pöle de l'Eau, 15, avenue du Charmois, F-54500
Vandoeuvre, France.
Carey, G.R., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton
University, 2372 McKenzie Building, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario,
Canada KIS 5B6
Chaineau, C.H., Laboratory of Soil and Environmental Sciences, ENSAIA
INRAIINPL, 2 avenue de la Foret de Haye, BP 172,54505 Vandoeuvre-Ies-Nancy
Cedex, France.
Cunningham, A., Center for Biofilm Engineering, 409 Cobleigh Hall, P.O. Box
173980, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717-3980, USA
Demnerova, K., Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemie al
Technology, Technicka 3, CZ-16628 Prague, Czech Republic.
Deschenes, L., Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Departement de Genie Chimique, CP
6979, Succ. Centre Ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3A7
r.,
Dudal. Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Departement de Genie Chimique, CP
6979, Succ. Centre Ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3A7
Elektorowicz, M., Departement de Genie Civil, Concordia University, 1455 boulevard
de Maisonneuve Ouest, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G IM8
Erbanova, P., Institute of Microbiology, Department of Ecology, Videnska 1083, 142
20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
Fass. s., Laboratoire Sante Environnement - LCPE, UMR Universite-CNRS 7564,
Faculte de Pharmacie - Pöle de I'Eau, 15, avenue du Charmois, F-54500
Vandoeuvre, France.
w.,
Fritsche, Institut für Mikrobiologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Universität
Jena, Jena, Germany.
Gennari, M., Dipartimento di valorizzazione e protezione delle risorse agroforestali
(DIV APRA), settore di Chimica Agraria, Universita di Torino, 44 via Leonardo da
Vinci, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
Gessa, c., Istituto di Chimica Agraria, Universita di Bologna, 11 via Berti Pichat,
40127 Bologna, Italy.
Goncharuk, V. V., Dumansky Institute of Water and ColIoidal Chemistry, Science
Academy ofUkraine, 42 Vernadsky Avenue, 252680 Kiev, Ukraine.
Gschwend. P.M., R.M. Parsons Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, MIT 48-415, Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, Cambridge, MA
02139, USA.
Gustafsson, 0., The Swedish Museum of Natural History, Division of Isotope
Geology, Box 50007, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden.
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