Bioavailability, Bioaccessibility and Mobility of Environmental Contaminants (Analytical Techniques in the Sciences (AnTs))

307 Pages·2007·2.262 MB·English

by  John R. Dean

BIOAVAILABILITY,
BIOACCESSIBILITY
AND MOBILITY
OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTAMINANTS
Bioavailability,BioaccessibilityandMobilityofEnvironmentalContaminants JohnR.Dean
 2007 John Wiley & Sons, L td. ISBN: 978-0-470-02577-2
Analytical Techniques in the Sciences (AnTS)
SeriesEditor:David J. Ando, Consultant, Dartford, Kent, UK
A series of open learning/distancelearning books which covers all of the major
analytical techniques and their application in the most important areas of physical, life
and materials sciences.
TitlesAvailableintheSeries
Analytical Instrumentation: Performance Characteristics and Quality
Graham Currell, University of the West of England,Bristol, UK
Fundamentals of Electroanalytical Chemistry
Paul M.S. Monk,Manchester MetropolitanUniversity,Manchester, UK
Introduction to Environmental Analysis
Roger N. Reeve, University of Sunderland, UK
PolymerAnalysis
Barbara H. Stuart, University of Technology,Sydney, Australia
Chemical Sensors and Biosensors
Brian R. Eggins,University of Ulster at Jordanstown,Northern Ireland, UK
Methods for Environmental Trace Analysis
John R. Dean, NorthumbriaUniversity,Newcastle, UK
Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry: An Introduction
Robert E. Ardrey, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
Analysis of Controlled Substances
Michael D. Cole, Anglia PolytechnicUniversity,Cambridge, UK
Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications
Barbara H. Stuart, University of Technology,Sydney, Australia
Practical Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy
John R. Dean, NorthumbriaUniversity,Newcastle, UK
Bioavailability,Bioaccessibility and Mobility of Environmental Contaminants
John R. Dean, NorthumbriaUniversity,Newcastle, UK
ForthcomingTitles
Quality Assurance in Analytical Chemistry
Elizabeth Prichard and Vicki Barwick, Laboratory of the Government Chemist,
Teddington,UK
Techniques of Modern Organic Mass Spectrometry
Robert E. Ardrey, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
The Analysis of DNA
Helen Hooperand Ruth Valentine, Northumbria University,Newcastle, UK
Analytical Profiling and Comparison of Drugs of Abuse
Michael D. Cole, Anglia PolytechnicUniversity,Cambridge, UK

BIOAVAILABILITY,
BIOACCESSIBILITY
AND MOBILITY
OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTAMINANTS
John R. Dean
School of Applied Sciences
Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
Copyright2007 JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,
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To my family
To Sam, my son, for keeping himself in his bedroom playing computer games
and not disturbing me
To my daughter, Naomi, for her social and sporting activities that keep
her busy
To the dog, Emmi (a border terrier), for keeping her barking under control
Finally, to my wife, Lynne, for her patience and understanding in keeping all
those above under control while I spent hours in the study
Contents
Series Preface xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xvii
Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols xix
About the Author xxiii
1 Contaminated Land and the Link to Human Health 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Soil Guideline Values 2
1.2.1 Residential 5
1.2.2 Allotments 5
1.2.3 Commercial/Industrial 5
1.3 Risk to Humans 7
1.4 An Approach to Assess Contaminated Soils Relative to Soil
Guideline Values 8
1.4.1 Mean-Value Test 9
1.4.2 Maximum-Value Test 11
References 14
2 Sample Preparation and Analytical Techniques for Elemental
Analysis of Environmental Contaminants 17
2.1 Introduction 18
2.2 Sample Preparation for Elemental Analysis 18
viii Bioavailability, Bioaccessibility and Mobility
2.2.1 Solid Samples 18
2.2.2 Liquid Samples 21
2.3 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 25
2.4 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 33
2.5 Inorganic Mass Spectrometry 40
2.5.1 Interferences in ICP–MS 45
2.6 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy 49
2.7 Electrochemistry 51
2.8 Hyphenated Techniques 52
2.9 Comparison of Elemental Analytical Techniques 53
2.10 Selected Resources on Elemental Analytical Techniques 56
2.10.1 Specific Books on Atomic Spectroscopy 56
2.10.2 Specific Books on Electroanalytical Techniques 58
3 Sample Preparation and Analytical Techniques for Persistent
Organic Pollutant Analysis of Environmental Contaminants 59
3.1 Introduction 60
3.2 Sample Preparation for Persistent Organic Pollutant Analysis 60
3.2.1 Solid Samples 60
3.2.2 Liquid Samples 67
3.3 Gas Chromatography 72
3.4 High Performance Liquid Chromatography 74
3.5 Interfacing Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry 78
3.6 Comparison of Persistent Organic Pollutant Analytical
Techniques 84
3.7 Selected Resources on Persistent Organic Pollutant Analytical
Techniques 85
3.7.1 Specific Books on Chromatography 85
4 Methods Used to Assess Bioavailability of Metals 89
4.1 Non-Exhaustive Extraction Techniques for Metals 89
4.2 Single Extraction Methods for Metals 90
4.3 Sequential Extraction Techniques for Metals 99
4.4 Earthworms 107
4.4.1 Earthworms in Bioavailability Studies 111
4.4.2 Chemical-Extraction Methods to Estimate
Bioavailability of Metals by Earthworms 124
4.5 Plant Uptake 126
4.6 Certified Reference Materials 127
References 141
Contents ix
5 Methods Used to Assess Bioavailability of Persistent Organic
Pollutants 145
5.1 Introduction 145
5.2 Non-Exhaustive Extraction Techniques for POPs 146
5.2.1 Selective or ‘Mild-Solvent’ Extraction 148
5.2.2 Cyclodextrin Extraction 164
5.2.3 Supercritical-Fluid Extraction 168
5.2.4 Other Approaches 174
5.3 Earthworm Studies 176
5.3.1 Chemical-Extraction Methods Used to Estimate the
Bioavailability of POPs by Earthworms 178
5.4 Plant Uptake 183
References 189
6 Methods Used to Assess Oral Bioaccessibility 191
6.1 Introduction 191
6.2 Introduction to Human Physiology 193
6.3 Considerations in the Design and Development of a Simulated
invitro Gastrointestinal Extraction Method 195
6.3.1 Design of an in vitro Gastrointestinal Method 195
6.3.2 Development of an in vitro Gastrointestinal Method 196
6.4 Approaches to Assess the Bioaccessibility of Metals 198
6.5 Approaches to Assess the Bioaccessibility of Persistent Organic
Pollutants 210
6.6 Validity for Measuring Bioaccessibility 213
References 213
7 Selected Case Studies on Bioavailability, Bioaccessibility and
Mobility of Environmental Contaminants 215
7.1 Bioavailability of Metals by Plants 215
7.1.1 Background 215
7.1.2 Experimental 216
7.1.3 Results and Discussion 218
7.1.4 Conclusions 224
7.1.5 Specific References 224
7.2 Bioaccessibility of Metals from Plants 227
7.2.1 Background 227
7.2.2 Experimental 227
7.2.3 Results and Discussion 229
7.2.4 Conclusions 232