Table Of ContentBIOACTIVE FOOD
AS INTERVENTIONS
FOR ARTHRITIS AND
RELATED
INFLAMMATORY
DISEASES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FOR BIOACTIVE FOODS IN
CHRONIC DISEASE STATES
The work of editorial assistant, Bethany L. Stevens and the Oxford-based Elsevier staff
in communicating with authors, working with the manuscripts and the publisher was
critical to the successful completion of the book and is much appreciated. Their daily
responses to queries, and collection of manuscripts and documents were extremely
helpful.PartialsupportforMsStevens’work,graciouslyprovidedbytheNationalHealth
ResearchInstituteaspartofitsmissiontocommunicatetoscientistsaboutbioactivefoods
and dietary supplements, was vital (http://www.naturalhealthresearch.org). This was
part of their efforts to educate scientists and the lay public on the health and economic
benefits of nutrients in the diet as well as supplements. Mari Stoddard and Annabelle
Nunez of the Arizona Health Sciences library were instrumental in finding the authors
and their addresses in the early stages of the book’s preparation.
BIOACTIVE FOOD
AS INTERVENTIONS
FOR ARTHRITIS AND
RELATED
INFLAMMATORY
DISEASES
Edited by
RONALD ROSS WATSON AND
VICTOR R. PREEDY
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13 14 15 16 17 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
Preface xvii
Contributors xix
1. Antioxidant Flavonoids for Arthritis Treatment: Human and Animal Models 1
S.G.Somasundaram,B.Oommen
1.Introduction toPhytoflavonoids 1
2.What IsArthritis? 2
3.Osteoarthritis 3
4.Rheumatoid Arthritis 3
5.Flavonoids 4
6.AnimalModels ofAcuteandChronic Inflammation 4
7.Flavonoids and ItsEffecton AnimalModel Arthritis 5
8.Radiographic Analysis ofAdjuvant-Induced Arthritis 8
9.Flavonoids Devoid ofToxic Effects 10
10.Clinical Trial ofFlavonoids onArthritis 11
11.TheMechanism ofActionsofFlavonoids 14
Acknowledgment 15
2. Inflammation in Arthritis 17
N.J.Correa-Matos,S.B.Vaghefi
1. Introduction 17
2. Mechanism ofInflammation inArthritis 18
3. Dairy Products andInflammation 18
4. Effects ofFood andSpices inInflammation 19
5. TheRole ofPUFAin Arthritis 20
6. Antioxidants and Inflammation inArthritis 23
7. Summary 23
3. Effects of Beef on Inflammation Affecting Arthritis 29
A.E.Galena
1. Introduction 29
2. Arthritis andDiet 33
3. Contraindications ofBeef 38
4. Dietary Recommendations ofBeef 38
5. Conclusions 39
Definitions 39
v
vi Contents
4. Contribution of Bioactive Foods and Their Emerging Role in
Immunomodulation, Inflammation, and Arthritis 43
N.Khan,M.Monagas,M.Urpi-sarda,R.Llorach,C.Andres-Lacueva
1. Bioactive FoodComponents 44
2. Immunomodulation 46
3. Arthritis 51
4. Inflammation 55
5. Curcumin and Joint Health: From Traditional Knowledge to Clinical Validation 67
S.Togni,G.Appendino
1. Introduction 67
2. ClinicalRelevance ofOsteoarthritis 68
3. Prevalence andCauses ofOA 69
4. CurrentOA Treatments 72
5. PreclinicalandClinical EvidenceofActivity forCurcumin inthe TreatmentofOA 74
6. TheBioavailability Issue 74
7. TheDevelopmentofa Novel Curcumin–Phospholipid Complex (MerivaW) 76
8. ClinicalEfficacy ofCurcumin andofMerivaW in theManagement ofOsteoarthrosis 78
9. Conclusions 79
6. Dried Plum and Bone Health 83
B.J.Smith,E.Rendina,E.A.Lucas
1. Introduction 83
2. Plant-BasedFoodsand BoneHealth 84
3. BoneRemodeling 85
4. RoleofInflammation in BoneLoss 85
5. OxidativeStressandBone 87
6. DriedPlums 88
7. DriedPlumsPrevent Bone Loss 90
8. DriedPlumRestores Bone 91
9. ClinicalStudies, DriedPlum andBone 92
10. DriedPlum, Boneand Inflammation 93
11. Conclusions 93
Glossary 94
7. The Alkaline Way: Integrative Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis and
Other Autoimmune Conditions 97
R.Jaffe
1. AnIntegrative Approach 97
2. RestoringAlkaline Balance 102
Contents vii
3. Self-Care 108
4. Discussion 109
5. Conclusions 109
8. Marine Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Rheumatoid Arthritis 113
P.C.Calder
1.Introduction 113
2.Rheumatoid Arthritis 114
3.Arachidonic Acid, Eicosanoids andthe Links withInflammation andRA 115
4.Fatty Acid Modification ofImmuneCell FattyAcid Composition and ofEicosanoid
Profiles 116
5.Resolvins: Novel Anti-Inflammatory andInflammation-Resolving Mediators Produced
from EPAand DHA 118
6.Influence ofMarine n-3 FattyAcids onInflammatory Cytokines 119
7.Influence ofMarine n-3 FattyAcids onT Cells 120
8.Influence ofMarine n-3 FattyAcids onAntigen Presentation 121
9.Marine n-3 PUFAsandAnimalModels ofRA 121
10.Trials ofMarine n-3PUFAsin RA 122
11.Overall Conclusions 125
9. Diet Modulated Inflammation in Chronic Disease: An Overview 133
G.Egger
1. Introduction 133
2. Measuring Metaflammation 134
3. Nutrition and Metaflammation 135
4. Summary 140
10. Food Supplements and Immune Function in Humans 145
J.Romeo,F.PérezdeHeredia,S.Gómez-Martínez,L.E.Díaz,T.Pozo-Rubio,
A.Marcos
1. Introduction: Nutrition andImmunity 145
2. Food Supplementation andDisease 148
3. Conclusion 152
Glossary 153
11. Natural Antioxidants and Resistance to Infection 157
M.A.Puertollano,E.Puertollano,J.Contreras-Moreno,J.M.Cerón, G.Á.deCienfuegos,
M.A.dePablo
1. Introduction 157
2. Oxidative StressandAntioxidantProtection 158
viii Contents
3. VitaminsandHostResistanceto Infection 160
4. Trace ElementsandHostResistance toInfection 164
5. SummaryPoints 170
12. The Effects of Flavonoids on the Immune System 175
F.J.Pérez-Cano,À.Franch,T.Pérez-Berezo,S.Ramos-Romero,C.Castellote,
M.Castell
1. Introduction 175
2. AcquiredImmunity: TheTailored ResponseAgainst Antigen 176
3. Flavonoids inthe ImmuneSystem 177
4. ConcludingRemarks 185
Glossary 186
13. Wheat Allergy 189
A.Armentia,D.deLuis,J.Crespo,L.Inglada,J.Castrodeza, S.Martín-Armentia
1. Allergyto WheatandRelated Diseases 189
2. Changesin AllergenicProperties ofWheatInducedby Heat andIndustrial Processing 191
3. AllergenCross-Reactivity AmongCereals, Pollen, andOther Vegetal Foods 192
4. WhyPatientswith Baker's AsthmaDue to WheatTolerate WheatFlour Ingestion? 194
5. Relationship BetweenDiet andAllergicAsthma 196
6. TheRoleofWheat inDiabetic's Diet 197
7. Cereal ToleranceMechanism andTreatment Possibilities 197
14. Tomato Food Allergy 203
V.Pravettoni,L.Primavesi
1. FoodAllergy: Mechanisms, Symptoms, andPrevalence 203
2. TomatoAllergy: Prevalence andSymptoms 204
3. TomatoAllergens 205
4. Cross-Reactions AmongTomatoand OtherAllergens 209
5. Conclusions 210
Glossary 211
15. Indian Medicinal Plants as Immunomodulators: Scientific Validation
of the Ethnomedicinal Beliefs 215
H.Bhat,P.Sampath,R.J.Pai,R.Bollor,M.S.Baliga,R.Fayad
1. Introduction 215
2. Plants asImmunomodulators 216
3. Conclusions 223
Acknowledgments 223
Contents ix
16. Probiotics and Eczema 225
C.E.West,S.L.Prescott
1. Background 225
2. Clinical StudiesUsing Probiotics fortheTreatment ofEczema 228
3. Clinical StudiesUsing Probiotics in thePrevention ofEczema 229
4. Summary 237
Acknowledgments 237
17. Immunomodulating Effect of Polysaccharide 241
K.I.Minato,C.Abe
1. Introduction 241
2. Lentinan from L. edodes 242
3. Antitumor Polysaccharides from G.frondosa 243
4. Immunomodulating Polysaccharide fromP. cornucopiaevar. Citrinopileatus, Oyster
Mushrooms, anditsActivity 243
5. P.Nameko andOthersalsoPossessed Immunomodulating Polysaccharides 246
6. Conclusion 247
18. Bioactive Foods, Nutrients and Herbs in Infectious Diseases 251
R.M.Elias,N.O.S.Câmara
1. Introduction 251
2. TheApplication 251
19. Probiotics and Prebiotics: Health Promotion by Immune Modulation in
the Elderly 257
C.R.Balistreri,G.Accardi,G.Candore
1. Introduction 257
2. Aging 258
3. Immunosenescence 259
4. GutMicrobiota and Aging 261
5. Probiotics and Prebiotics 263
6. Modulation ofthe GutMicrobiota inElderly Healthcare 264
7. Conclusions 267
Acknowledgements 268
20. Vitamin D-Binding Protein; Role in Osteoporosis 271
A.Sabetisoofyani
1. Introduction 271
2. Structure 271
