Table Of ContentBIO-BASED
COMPOSITES FOR
HIGH-PERFORMANCE
MATERIALS
From Strategy to Industrial Application
Edited by Wirasak Smitthipong
Rungsima Chollakup • Michel Nardin
CRC Press
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Contents
Preface .......................................................................................................................v
Editors ....................................................................................................................vii
Contributors ............................................................................................................ix
1 Bio-Based Composites: An Introduction ...................................................1
Rungsima Chollakup, Wirasak Smitthipong, and Michel Nardin
2 Bio-Based Strategy: Food and Non-Food Markets ..................................7
Rina Singh, Brent Erickson, and Paul Winters
3 Strategy of Bio-Based Resources: Material versus Energy ..................23
Kuakoon Piyachomkwan, Sittichoke Wanlapatit, Wirasak Smitthipong,
and Klanarong Sriroth
4 Bio-Inspired Materials ................................................................................43
Arkadiusz Chworos and Wirasak Smitthipong
5 Natural Fiber Surface Treatments and Coupling Agents
in Bio-Based Composites ............................................................................59
Potjanart Suwanruji, Wirasak Smitthipong, and Rungsima Chollakup
6 Reinforcement of Polymers by Flax Fibers: Role of Interfaces ...........87
Christophe Baley, Antoine Le Duigou, Alain Bourmaud, Peter Davies,
Michel Nardin, and Claudine Morvan
7 Effects of Reinforcing Fillers and Coupling Agents
on Performances of Wood–Polymer Composites .................................113
Diène Ndiaye, Mamadou Gueye, Ansou Malang Badji,
Coumba Thiandoume, Anicet Dasylva, and Adams Tidjani
8 Natural Fiber Polyolefin Composites: Processing,
Melt Rheology, and Properties ................................................................133
Haroutioun Askanian, Ya Feng, Sophie Commereuc, Roman Cermak,
Florence Delor-Jestin, Kristyna Montagova, Valérie Massardier,
and Vincent Verney
9 Polysaccharide Bio-Based Composites: Nanofiber Fabrication
and Application ...........................................................................................149
Jackapon Sunthonrvarabhas, Klanarong Sriroth, and Hyun-Joong Kim
iii
iv Contents
10 Recent Advances in Cellulose Nanocomposites ..................................167
Ali Faghihnejad and Hongbo Zeng
11 Improvement of Damage Resilience of Composites ...........................187
Jiye Chen
12 Lifetime Durability of Bio-Based Composites .....................................205
Vincent Verney, Solène Gaudin, Sophie Commereuc,
Haroutioun Askanian, Florence Delor-Jestin, Alexandre Govin,
and René Guyonnet
13 Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites ....219
Rattana Tantatherdtam, Rungsima Chollakup, and Wirasak Smitthipong
14 Characterization and Strength Modeling of Laminated
Bio-Based Composites ...............................................................................251
Peggi L. Clouston, Sanjay R. Arwade, and Alireza Amini
15 Micromechanical Modeling of Bio-Based Composites ......................273
Michael May and Deborah Mohrmann
16 Life Cycle Assessments of Bio-Based Composites: A Review ..........291
Thimothy Thamae and Caroline Baillie
17 Bio-Based Composites: Future Trends and Environmental Aspects ....303
V.P. Sharma
Index .....................................................................................................................315
Preface
Most synthetic plastics are made from petroleum and its by-products.
Plastics derived from fossil resources are mostly non-biodegradable. The
increased use of plastics over the years has resulted in increases in waste
that have become significant concerns because of their negative impacts on
the environment. The need to develop non-petroleum-based and sustainable
feedstocks is urgent, and the need has shifted the attention of many academic
and industrial researchers toward bio-based materials.
This book provides an overview of the state of the art and emerging trends
in the area of bio-based composites. In recent years, interest in the develop-
ment of natural fibers as reinforcements in composites has increased greatly.
Many reports in the field of bio-based composites have been published but
they usually focus on a single aspect of biocomposites. The objective of this
book is to contribute to the overall knowledge of bio-based composites. The
recent developments in technology make the understanding of bio-based
composites vital for ensuring an eco-friendly environment. This book dis-
cusses what is known about bio-based composites and, just as important,
what is new. We have attempted to maintain a good balance of reporting
developments in academic, industrial, and governmental laboratories and
reflecting international views.
A bio-based composite is basically defined by its biocompatibility proper-
ties based on its origin. To meet this definition, a bio-based composite must
be biodegradable and foster an eco-friendly environment in addition to
exhibiting other practical properties. A variety of solutions exist in practice,
and their applications require interdisciplinary understanding, particularly
in the fields of materials science and engineering.
An understanding of bio-based composites involves analysis of filler–matrix
interactions, marketing and political strategies, raw materials and their
characteristics, basic design principles, properties and applications, life cycle
assessments, and future trends. All these issues are discussed in the c hapters
of this book. We hope this book will be beneficial to scholars, academics,
regulatory agencies, research and development communities, and indus-
tries worldwide. It fills important gaps in our knowledge of the bio-based
materials that constitute environmentally friendly technologies for the
world’s population by presenting the latest relevant academic knowledge and
industry expertise.
Wirasak Smitthipong
Rungsima Chollakup
Michel Nardin
v
Editors
Wirasak Smitthipong earned a PhD in chemistry in 2005 with a scholarship
from Institut de Chimie des Surfaces et Interfaces, Conseil Générale du Haut
Rhin and Fondation de l’Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse,
University of Haute Alsace, France. He was awarded at a highlight lecture at
the 2005 EUROMAT conference in Prague.
Dr. Smitthipong was awarded a National Science Foundation post-doctoral
fellowship at the Materials Research Laboratory and College of Engineering
at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the U.S.A. from 2006
to 2008. He spent 6 years as a chemist at Thai Caprolactam Public Co., Ltd.,
and 5 years working for Michelin as a lead rubber formulation designer in
France and in Thailand.
He now performs research at the Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product
Improvement Institute of Kasetsart University in Bangkok, Thailand,
and is an invited lecturer at the International School of Engineering at
Chulalongkorn University also in Bangkok.
Dr. Smitthipong’s areas of interest are surface and interface phenomena,
rubber, adhesion, composite materials, biomaterials, polymer science and engi-
neering, supramolecular and nanoscale materials, and materials engineering
and development. He is the author or co-author of more than 60 scientific
articles and papers, 3 invited book chapters, and 45 communications for
national and international conferences and edited 2 books.
Rungsima Chollakup joined Chulalongkorn University as a food c hemist
in 1995. Since then she has performed research at the Cassava and Starch
Technology Research Unit in Thailand, attended a 6-month training course
on “Polymer Blends for Biodegradable Plastics” at the National Institute of
Bioscience and Human Technology in Japan, and was awarded a scholar-
ship to pursue a PhD program in textile science at the University of Haute
Alsace in Mulhouse, France. Dr. Chollakup has been a senior researcher at the
Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute of Kasetsart
University in Bangkok since 2004.
Dr. Chollakup received the Excellent Paper Award from the Journal of Textiles
and Apparel in 2005. She then participated in a post-doctoral fellowship program
at the College of Engineering at the University of California at Santa Barbara
and served as a visiting researcher at Laboratoire de Photochimie Moléculaire
et Macromoléculaire, Université Blaise Pascal in France from 2009 to 2012.
Her professional interests include natural fibers, polymer characterizations,
composite materials, and biomaterials. She has written more than 50 scientific
articles and papers, 3 invited book chapters, and 52 communications p resented
at national and international conferences.
vii
viii Editors
Michel Nardin started his career as a chemical engineer of the National
High School of Chemistry of Paris in 1975. He earned a PhD in physical
chemistry in 1980 from the Universities of Strasbourg and Mulhouse, France,
and pursued post-doctoral studies in the Polymer Group of the Department
of Physics at University of Leeds in the United Kingdom in 1985 and 1986.
Dr. Nardin joined the French National Center for Scientific Research
(CNRS) as a researcher in 1982 and was named director of research in 1994.
He is interested in the fundamental and practical aspects of adhesion,
physical chemistry of surfaces and interfaces, wettability, capillary impreg-
nation of powders and fabrics, thermodynamics and micromechanics of
fiber–matrix interfaces in composite materials, tack and adhesive proper-
ties of elastomers, interactions of surfaces and living matter. Dr. Nardin has
written more than 170 scientific articles and papers, and 11 book chapters,
and presented 65 invited lectures and 180 communications at national and
international conferences.
Contributors
Alireza Amini Roman Cermak
Department of Civil and Faculty of Technology
Environmental Engineering Tomas Bata University
University of Massachusetts Zlín, Czech Republic
Amherst, Massachusetts
Jiye Chen
Sanjay R. Arwade Faculty of Technology
Department of Civil and University of Portsmouth
Environmental Engineering Portsmouth, UK
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Massachusetts Rungsima Chollakup
Kasetsart Agricultural and
Haroutioun Askanian Agro-Industrial Product
Institut de Chimie Improvement Institute
de Clermont-Ferrand Kasetsart University
Clermont Université Bangkok, Thailand
Clermont-Ferrand, France
Arkadiusz Chworos
Ansou Malang Badji Centre of Molecular and
Section Physique Appliquée Macromolecular Studies
Université Gaston Berger Polish Academy of Sciences
de Saint Louis Lodz, Poland
Dakar, Senegal
Peggi L. Clouston
Caroline Baillie Department of Environmental
School of Environmental Conservation
Systems Engineering University of Massachusetts
University of Western Australia Amherst, Massachusetts
Perth, Australia
Sophie Commereuc
Christophe Baley Institut de Chimie
LIMATB de Clermont-Ferrand
Université Bretagne Sud Clermont Université
Lorient, France Clermont-Ferrand, France
Alain Bourmaud Anicet Dasylva
LIMATB Départment de Physique
Université Bretagne Sud Université Cheikh Anta Diop
Lorient, France Dakar, Senegal
ix
x Contributors
Peter Davies Hyun-Joong Kim
IFREMER Laboratory of Adhesion
Marine Structures Group and Biocomposites
Plouzané, France Seoul National University
Seoul, Korea
Florence Delor-Jestin
Institut de Chimie
Antoine Le Duigou
de Clermont-Ferrand
LIMATB
Clermont Université
Université Bretagne Sud
Clermont-Ferrand, France
Lorient, France
Brent Erickson
Biotechnology Industry Organization Valérie Massardier
Washington, DC Ingénierie des Matériaux
Polymères
Ali Faghihnejad INSA
Department of Chemical and Lyon, France
Materials Engineering
University of Alberta Michael May
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Fraunhofer Institute for
High-Speed Dynamics
Ya Feng
Ernst Mach Institute
Institut de Chimie
Freiburg, Germany
de Clermont-Ferrand
Clermont Université
Deborah Mohrmann
Clermont-Ferrand, France
Fraunhofer Institute for
Solène Gaudin High-Speed Dynamics
Institut de Chimie Ernst Mach Institute
de Clermont-Ferrand Freiburg, Germany
Clermont Université
Clermont-Ferrand, France Kristyna Montagova
Department of Polymer
Alexandre Govin Engineering
Ecole Nationale Supérieure Tomas Bata University
des Mines Zlín, Czech Republic
Saint Etienne, France
Claudine Morvan
Mamadou Gueye
Laboratoire PBS
Départment de Physique
Université de Rouen
Université Cheikh Anta Diop
Mont Saint Aignan, France
Dakar, Senegal
René Guyonnet Michel Nardin
Ecole Nationale Supérieure Institut de Science des Materiaux
des Mines de Mulhouse
Saint Etienne, France Mulhouse, France
