Table Of ContentBINDING CORPORATE RULES
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Binding Corporate Rules
Corporate Self-Regulation of Global Data Transfers
LOKKE MOEREL
1
3
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Acknowledgements
InperformingtheresearchforthisbookIhavehadhelpinmanyforms.Iobviously
benefited from all discussions on Binding Corporate Rules with the Dutch Data
ProtectionAuthorityandthemembersoftheBCRworkinggroup,theadviceand
input we received from their foreign group companies, as well as US and other
external foreign counsel. My thanks further go to my firm De Brauw Blackstone
Westbroek for again granting me the space to pursue my academic interests and
facilitatedpracticalsupport,providedbyStephenMachon,whoeditedmyEnglish
andMiekeMerkelijn,whoprovidedresearchassistanceandeditedmanyfootnotes.
IamfurtherindebtedtoTheHagueInstituteforInternationalLawforlaunching
theHiiLResearchProgram‘PrivateActorsandSelf-regulation’,intothelegitimacy,
effectiveness, enforcement, and quality of different forms of transnational private
regulation.MyparticipationintheHiiLProgrambroughtmeintocontactwiththe
European experts on transnational private regulation and their invaluable work
products as part of this programme, from which I greatly benefited. This book is
basedonPartIIofmydissertation‘BCR–FixingtheRegulatoryPatchworkofData
Protection’, which I publicly defended at Tilburg University on 11 September
2011. In writing my dissertation I greatly benefited from the constructive com-
mentsofmyPhDsupervisorCorienPrins,andthoseofthemembersofmyReview
Committee,ChristopherMillard,MartijnPolak,LindaSenden,andColinScott.
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Contents
TableofCases xiii
TableofInstruments,InternationalAgreements,andGuidelines xiv
ListofAbbreviations xxi
1. Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 SubjectMatterandAimofthisBook 8
1.2.1 Background 9
1.2.2 Aimofthisbook 11
1.2.3 Relevanceandrecommendations 12
1.2.4 Priorresearchandpublications 13
1.2.5 Scope 15
1.3 Outline 15
2. BindingCorporateRules:AnOverview 18
2.1 DataHere,DataThere,DataEverywhere 18
2.2 RelevanceofBCRasaDataTransferToolatGlobalLevel 24
2.2.1 Noglobalstandard 25
2.2.2 BridgingfunctionofBCRbetweendifferentlegalsystems 26
2.2.3 Limitationsofstatelegislativeandenforcementpowers 28
2.2.4 Steppingstonetofurtherharmonization 31
2.3 EvaluationoftheBCRRegimefromDifferentDimensions 32
2.3.1 EvaluationofBCRasaformoftransnationalprivate
regulation 33
2.3.2 EvaluationofBCRasimplementationofcorporate
accountability 33
2.3.3 EvaluationofBCRinthecontextofcorporatesocial
responsibility 34
2.4 TheQuestforMeta-normsforBCR 35
3. TheWorldwideDataProtectionRegulatoryLandscape 37
3.1 EUDataProtectionRegime 37
3.1.1 Materialprocessingprinciples 39
3.1.2 Otherfundamentalobligations 40
3.1.3 Rightsofdatasubjects 41
3.1.4 Scopeofapplicability 41
3.1.5 EUtransferrules 43
3.1.6 Third-partyprocessors 47
3.1.7 Jurisdictionandenforcement 48
3.1.8 WorkingParty29 54
3.1.9 Self-andco-regulation 56
viii Contents
3.2 OtherComprehensiveRegimes 57
3.3 LimitedRegimes 58
3.4 APECPrivacyFramework 58
4. TrendsandDevelopmentsintheLegalLandscape 61
4.1 IncreasingTensionbetweenDifferentRegulatorySystems 61
4.2 TowardsaGlobalStandardforDataProtection? 63
4.3 Cross-borderEnforcementIssues 68
4.4 ThinkingaboutAlternativeSolutionsforEnforcement 74
4.4.1 Self-regulationbackedupbygovernmentalenforcementtools 74
4.4.2 Parallelwithenforcementofconsumerprotectionlaws 75
4.4.3 Countryoforiginapproach 80
4.4.4 Accountabilityapproach 85
4.4.5 Privatechoiceoflawandforumintransnationalprivate
regulation 86
5. TrendsandDevelopmentsinMultinationalCorporatePractice 87
5.1 IncreaseinInternationalDataTransferswithinandbetween
Multinationals 87
5.2 MultipleJurisdictions 88
5.3 CorporateMitigationofDataProtectionRisks 91
5.4 OtherDriversforCorporatePrivacyPolicies 94
6. TheBCRRegime 100
6.1 Introduction 100
6.2 BCRRequirements 101
6.3 DifferentTypesofBCR 105
6.3.1 BCRforcontrollers 105
6.3.2 BCRforemployeedatavsBCRforcustomerdata 106
6.3.3 BCRforprocessors 106
6.4 EUBCRApprovalProcedure 108
6.4.1 HowtoaligntheMRPwithEUworkscouncilrequirements? 109
6.5 ShortcomingsoftheBCRApprovalProcedure 111
6.6 HowtoAddressShortcomingsintheBCRRegimeandthe
BCRApprovalProcedure? 113
6.6.1 RecognizeBCR,definemainBCRrequirements,and
imposetheMutualRecognitionProcedure 113
6.6.2 DefineBCRrequirementsingeneralprinciples 117
6.6.3 Adequatelevelofprotection 118
6.6.4 HarmonizethepowersofDPAs 119
6.6.5 ReplaceDirectivebyanEUregulation 120
6.6.6 RoleoftheWorkingParty29 121
6.7 RecognitionofBCRinOtherCountries 127
6.8 Conclusion 130
Contents ix
7. BCRandContractLaw 131
7.1 Introduction 131
7.2 InternallyBinding 132
7.2.1 Bindingongroupcompanies 132
7.2.2 Bindingonemployees 132
7.3 ExternallyBinding 132
7.3.1 Enforceabilityofunilateralundertakings 132
7.3.2 Othergroundsofenforcement 133
7.3.3 GroundsofenforcementintheEU 134
7.3.4 EnforcementofcorporatedataprotectionpoliciesintheUS 135
7.3.5 SolutionstoensurethatBCRareexternallybinding 136
7.4 Contractual‘SupplyChainManagement’ 137
7.5 HowtoAddresstheContractualSupplyChainManagement
IssuesinBCR? 139
7.5.1 Enforceabilityagainsttheexternalsupplier 139
7.5.2 Enforceabilityagainstthemultinational 141
7.5.3 From‘supplychain’to‘network’ 143
7.6 ConclusionastoContractualIssuesofBCR 144
8. BCRandEURulesofPrivateInternationalLaw 145
8.1 Introduction 145
8.1.1 PILasamechanism 146
8.1.2 Preferencesofmultinationals 147
8.1.3 PreferencesofbeneficiariesofBCR? 147
8.2 Applicability,Jurisdiction,andEnforcement 148
8.3 RoleLeftforEURulesofPIL? 149
8.3.1 Qualificationofdataprotectionlaw 149
8.3.2 DotheconflictrulesoftheDirectivetakeprecedence
overPIL? 151
8.3.3 Choiceoflawandforum 152
8.4 TheApplicability,Supervision,andEnforcementRegimeof
BCR:HowItMayWork 159
8.4.1 HowshouldtheapplicablelawregimebesetupunderBCR? 160
8.4.2 HowshouldtheenforcementregimeforBCRbesetup? 161
8.4.3 HowshouldsupervisionofBCRbesetup? 161
8.5 ChoiceofLawandForum 162
8.5.1 Employeecontracts 162
8.5.2 Consumercontracts 163
8.6 RelevanceofRomeIandtheBrusselsIRegulationforBCR 163
8.6.1 Contractconcluded 165
8.6.2 Mattersrelatingtoacontract 167
8.6.3 ApplicationofECJcaselawtoBCR 167
8.6.4 RelevanceofRomeII? 169
