Table Of ContentAdvanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications
Richard Jiang · Ahmed Bouridane ·
Chang-Tsun Li · Danny Crookes ·
Said Boussakta · Feng Hao ·
Eran A. Edirisinghe Editors
Big Data
Privacy and
Security in
Smart Cities
Advanced Sciences and Technologies
for Security Applications
Editor-in-Chief
Anthony J. Masys, Associate Professor, Director of Global Disaster Management,
Humanitarian Assistance and Homeland Security, University of South Florida,
Tampa, USA
Advisory Editors
Gisela Bichler, California State University, San Bernardino, CA, USA
Thirimachos Bourlai, Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical
Engineering, Multispectral Imagery Lab (MILab), West Virginia University,
Morgantown, WV, USA
Chris Johnson, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Panagiotis Karampelas, Hellenic Air Force Academy, Attica, Greece
Christian Leuprecht, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON, Canada
Edward C. Morse, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
David Skillicorn, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Yoshiki Yamagata, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki,
Japan
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· ·
Richard Jiang Ahmed Bouridane
· · ·
Chang-Tsun Li Danny Crookes Said Boussakta
·
Feng Hao Eran A. Edirisinghe
Editors
Big Data Privacy
and Security in Smart Cities
Editors
Richard Jiang Ahmed Bouridane
School of Computing and Communications Centre for Data Analytics
Lancaster University and Cybersecurity
Lancaster, UK University of Sharjah
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Chang-Tsun Li
School of Information Technology Deakin Danny Crookes
University Deakin Queen’s University Belfast
Geelong, VIC, Australia Belfast, UK
Said Boussakta Feng Hao
School of Engineering Department of Computer Science
Newcastle University University of Warwick
Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Warwick, UK
Eran A. Edirisinghe
Keele University
Staffordshire, UK
ISSN 1613-5113 ISSN 2363-9466 (electronic)
Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications
ISBN 978-3-031-04423-6 ISBN 978-3-031-04424-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04424-3
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022
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Contents
Smart Cities: A Survey of Tech-Induced Privacy Concerns ............ 1
Edgard Musafiri Mimo and Troy McDaniel
Ethics of Face Recognition in Smart Cities Toward Trustworthy AI .... 23
Mengjun Tao, Richard Jiang, and Carolyn Downs
A Technical Review on Driverless Vehicle Technologies in Smart
Cities ............................................................. 53
Yijie Zhu, Richard Jiang, and Qiang Ni
A Mechanism to Maintain Node Integrity in Decentralised Systems .... 73
Monjur Ahmed and Md. Mahabub Alam Bhuiyan
Incident Detection System for Industrial Networks ................... 83
Karel Kuchar, Eva Holasova, Radek Fujdiak, Petr Blazek,
and Jiri Misurec
Predictive Maintenance of Vehicle Fleets Using LSTM
Autoencoders for Industrial IoT Datasets ............................ 103
Arindam Chaudhuri, Rajesh Patil, and Soumya K. Ghosh
A Comparative Study on the User Experience on Using Secure
Messaging Tools ................................................... 119
Blerton Abazi and Renata Gegaj
A Survey on AI-Enabled Pandemic Prediction and Prevention:
What We Can Learn from COVID .................................. 133
Yijie Zhu, Richard Jiang, and Qiang Ni
Blockchain Based Health Information Exchange Ecosystem:
Usecase on Travellers .............................................. 147
Fatima Khalique, Sabeen Masood, Maria Safeer,
and Shoab Ahmed Khan
v
vi Contents
Video-Based Heart Rate Detection: A Remote Healthcare
Surveillance Tool for Smart Homecare .............................. 159
Thomas Harrison, Zhaonian Zhang, and Richard Jiang
A Survey on the Integration of Blockchain and IoT: Challenges
and Opportunities ................................................. 197
Mwrwan Abubakar, Zakwan Jarocheh, Ahmed Al-Dubai,
and Xiaodong Liu
Quantum Bitcoin: The Intersection of Bitcoin, Quantum
Computing and Blockchain ........................................ 223
Yijie Zhu, Qiang Ni, Richard Jiang, Ahmed Bouridane,
and Chang-Tsun Li
Biometric Blockchain (BBC) Based e-Passports for Smart Border
Control ........................................................... 235
Bing Xu, Qiang Ni, Richard Jiang, Ahmed Bouridane,
and Chang-Tsun Li
Smart Cities: A Survey of Tech-Induced
Privacy Concerns
Edgard Musafiri Mimo and Troy McDaniel
Abstract Internet of Things (IoT) has become a prominent part of the technologies
leveraged by smart cities. IoT enables the collection of data and the processing of
information to provide a better value to the city and its citizens. The use of IoT devices
in smart cities has enabled many applications that generate security issues despite
their provided benefits. These security issues in return generate more citizens’ or
users’ privacy issues as the data and information flow are compromised. There are
many privacy related concerns in smart cities that are generated from the security
issues pertaining to IoT, Big Data, and ICT enabled tech applications, which require
a thorough understanding to better build resilient privacy aware smart cities. This
paper provides a comprehensive, characterized, and wide-ranging synopsis of the
research on privacy issues springing from IoT, Big Data, and ICT enabled tech
applications and their associated security flaws and presents solutions as they pertain
to the relevant citizen value driven privacy framework quadrant (Musafiri Mimo and
McDaniel in 3D privacy framework: the citizen value driven privacy framework [1]).
The characterization is based on the application’s most relevant privacy framework
quadrant, the applicable security flaws, and the present solutions that potentially
lessen the associated privacy concerns among citizens in smart cities.
· · · · · ·
Keywords Smart cities Privacy Framework Security Surveillance IoT
· · · · · ·
Big Data ICT Citizen centered ITS Smart energy Smart governance Smart
health
B
E. M. Mimo ( ) · T. McDaniel
Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
e-mail: emusafi[email protected]
T. McDaniel
e-mail: [email protected]
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 1
R. Jiang et al. (eds.), Big Data Privacy and Security in Smart Cities,
Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04424-3_1
2 E.M.MimoandT.McDaniel
1 Introduction
With the current growth of the urban population around the world, there is a defi-
nite need for the major cities to transition from just being cities into becoming
relevant smart cities. This is important because of the challenges that arise due to
the overcrowding of cities caused by the migration of citizens from rural to urban
places where most of the provided services tend to exist. The provision of services
and opportunities in smart cities require automation, optimization, and efficiency to
better manage the operations of smart cities with the needed speed and reliability to
satisfy the need of the citizens. These provisions are enabled even more as advances
and progress from IoT, Big Data, and ICT frameworks take place with the techno-
logical transformation of the smart cities to meet the present needs and the future
necessities of the cities to ensure citizens thrive.
It is important to consider how technologies and systems that are deployed to
interact with citizens are drastically transforming the way smart cities are shaped
as citizens find numerous accommodating ways to accept and adopt the technolo-
gies and the systems. The internet of things (IoT), Big Data, and the information
communication technology (ICT) frameworks form the basis on which smart cities
are built today, and as such, they enable the possibility of having efficient, optimal
and practical smart cities that solve citizens’ problems in terms of demand, supply,
and management of their needs and services. However, the practical smart cities that
are built simply based on IoT, Big Data and ICT frameworks have manifested some
lack of effectiveness not because of the problems and issues they are or are not able
to solve, but because of the problems and issues they have generated for citizens
themselves.
The generated problems pertaining to citizens’ security and privacy tend to be of
more value to the citizens than the problems that the frameworks intended to solve
in the first place. The generated issues are namely privacy, security and ownership of
the technologies, systems, and their data; all of which are the result of the IoT, Big
Data and ICT frameworks. The issue of effectiveness points and focuses more on the
issues that affect the citizens and their associated long-term effects on the citizens.
The issue of privacy and security is important to all citizens, and as such they should be
considered and addressed not when there are IoT enabled tech applications’ problems
generated, but rather during the integration process where these three frameworks
meet and converge to enable smart cities’ capabilities.
The advancement and availability of various IoT devices and systems have enabled
the collection of a plethora of types of data in high volume that has enabled more
progress in Big Data as more value becomes available with proper analysis of the
data. The processing of information that ICT systems enable to provide a better value
to the city and its citizens remains one of the two biggest assets of smart cities and
the other is the citizens themselves. The presence and deployment of IoT devices
in smart cities have enabled many applications; many of which are generating a
lot of security issues despite the benefits. These security issues in return generate
more citizens’ or users’ privacy issues and concerns as the data and the information
SmartCities:ASurveyofTech-InducedPrivacyConcerns 3
flow in the smart cities’ ecosystem are compromised. There are many enabled tech
application security issues that generate privacy related concerns in smart cities that
require in-depth consideration to better build resilient privacy aware smart cities.
Consequently, it is paramount to assess, understand, and reconsider the security
and the privacy concerns that are generated by IoT, Big Data and ICT frameworks
pertaining to the applications and systems they enable to make smart cities possible.
Smart cities must be enabled in a way that preserves the security and privacy of
the citizens as recommended by the 3D citizen value driven framework [1] that
suggests building citizen privacy aware smart cities for their effective enablement.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the various privacy related
security issues and some associated present and future solutions that spring forth
in literature through the engagement of IoT, Big Data and ICT frameworks in the
implementation of smart city technologies as they pertain to the most relevant citizen
value driven privacy framework quadrant [1]. The characterization of several smart
cities’ applications, systems and technologies springing from IoT, Big Data and ICT
enabled services and applications in smart cities that present some security induced
privacy concerns are discussed to showcase the relevance of the citizen value driven
privacy framework quadrant and the available means to lessen the associated privacy
related security concerns.
2 Related Work
2.1 Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT remains one of the main enablers of smart cities because of the possibilities
of providing avenues to collect the necessary data or information in various ways
and forms to enable good and informed decision making in the overall smart cities’
transformation. It is very difficult to completely define IoT and its impacts in enabling
smart cities, yet its presence is seen and felt almost everywhere in all the sectors
of smart cities. Thus, IoT constitutes the core of the smart city’s implementation
since without its advancements and deployments over the years, many smart cities’
initiatives would be almost impossible today. The objective of IoT is to provide ways
to collect all types of data in various ways both for structure and unstructured data.
The various ways of data collection form a network enabled by the IoT deployment
of devices to ensure the smart city possesses the right instrumentation to enable the
needed interconnectedness that powers the intelligence of smart cities [2].
This network is built with instrumentation that includes various sensors, actua-
tors, electronics, networks, firmware, middleware, and software. The instrumentation
allows for various objects or things like computers, smart phones, wearable devices,
homes, buildings, structures, vehicles, and energy systems to become the collectors
of data in smart cities, and as such there are multitude of data types and data sources
that can be collected and enabled respectively. The services the IoT devices enable
