Bifacial Photovoltaics: Technology, Applications and Economics

329 Pages·2019·15.023 MB·English

by  Joris Libal, Radovan Kopecek

IETENERGY ENGINEERING 107
Bifacial Photovoltaics
Othervolumesinthisseries:
Volume1 PowerCircuitBreakerTheoryandDesignC.H.Flurscheim(Editor)
Volume4 IndustrialMicrowaveHeatingA.C.MetaxasandR.J.Meredith
Volume7 InsulatorsforHighVoltagesJ.S.T.Looms
Volume8 VariableFrequencyACMotorDriveSystemsD.Finney
Volume10 SF SwitchgearH.M.RyanandG.R.Jones
6
Volume11 ConductionandInductionHeatingE.J.Davies
Volume13 StatisticalTechniquesforHighVoltageEngineeringW.HauschildandW.Mosch
Volume14 UninterruptiblePowerSuppliesJ.PlattsandJ.D.StAubyn(Editors)
Volume15 DigitalProtectionforPowerSystemsA.T.JohnsandS.K.Salman
Volume16 ElectricityEconomicsandPlanningT.W.Berrie
Volume18 VacuumSwitchgearA.Greenwood
Volume19 ElectricalSafety:AguidetocausesandpreventionofhazardsJ.MaxwellAdams
Volume21 ElectricityDistributionNetworkDesign,2ndEditionE.LakerviandE.J.Holmes
Volume22 ArtificialIntelligenceTechniquesinPowerSystemsK.Warwick,A.O.Ekwueand
R.Aggarwal(Editors)
Volume24 PowerSystemCommissioningandMaintenancePracticeK.Harker
Volume25 Engineers’HandbookofIndustrialMicrowaveHeatingR.J.Meredith
Volume26 SmallElectricMotorsH.Moczalaetal.
Volume27 AC–DCPowerSystemAnalysisJ.ArrillagaandB.C.Smith
Volume29 HighVoltageDirectCurrentTransmission,2ndEditionJ.Arrillaga
Volume30 FlexibleACTransmissionSystems(FACTS)Y-H.Song(Editor)
Volume31 EmbeddedGenerationN.Jenkinsetal.
Volume32 HighVoltageEngineeringandTesting,2ndEditionH.M.Ryan(Editor)
Volume33 OvervoltageProtectionofLow-VoltageSystems,RevisedEditionP.Hasse
Volume36 VoltageQualityinElectricalPowerSystemsJ.Schlabbachetal.
Volume37 ElectricalSteelsforRotatingMachinesP.Beckley
Volume38 TheElectricCar:Developmentandfutureofbattery,hybridandfuel-cellcars
M.Westbrook
Volume39 PowerSystemsElectromagneticTransientsSimulationJ.ArrillagaandN.Watson
Volume40 AdvancesinHighVoltageEngineeringM.HaddadandD.Warne
Volume41 ElectricalOperationofElectrostaticPrecipitatorsK.Parker
Volume43 ThermalPowerPlantSimulationandControlD.Flynn
Volume44 EconomicEvaluationofProjectsintheElectricitySupplyIndustryH.Khatib
Volume45 PropulsionSystemsforHybridVehiclesJ.Miller
Volume46 DistributionSwitchgearS.Stewart
Volume47 ProtectionofElectricityDistributionNetworks,2ndEditionJ.Gersand
E.Holmes
Volume48 WoodPoleOverheadLinesB.Wareing
Volume49 ElectricFuses,3rdEditionA.WrightandG.Newbery
Volume50 WindPowerIntegration:ConnectionandsystemoperationalaspectsB.Fox
etal.
Volume51 ShortCircuitCurrentsJ.Schlabbach
Volume52 NuclearPowerJ.Wood
Volume53 ConditionAssessmentofHighVoltageInsulationinPowerSystemEquipment
R.E.JamesandQ.Su
Volume55 LocalEnergy:DistributedgenerationofheatandpowerJ.Wood
Volume56 ConditionMonitoringofRotatingElectricalMachinesP.Tavner,L.Ran,
J.PenmanandH.Sedding
Volume57 TheControlTechniquesDrivesandControlsHandbook,2ndEditionB.Drury
Volume58 LightningProtectionV.Cooray(Editor)
Volume59 UltracapacitorApplicationsJ.M.Miller
Volume62 LightningElectromagneticsV.Cooray
Volume63 EnergyStorageforPowerSystems,2ndEditionA.Ter-Gazarian
Volume65 ProtectionofElectricityDistributionNetworks,3rdEditionJ.Gers
Volume66 HighVoltageEngineeringTesting,3rdEditionH.Ryan(Editor)
Volume67 MulticoreSimulationofPowerSystemTransientsF.M.Uriate
Volume68 DistributionSystemAnalysisandAutomationJ.Gers
Volume69 TheLighteningFlash,2ndEditionV.Cooray(Editor)
Volume70 EconomicEvaluationofProjectsintheElectricitySupplyIndustry,3rdEdition
H.Khatib
Volume72 ControlCircuitsinPowerElectronics:Practicalissuesindesignand
implementationM.Castilla(Editor)
Volume73 WideAreaMonitoring,ProtectionandControlSystems:Theenablerfor
smartergridsA.VaccaroandA.Zobaa(Editors)
Volume74 PowerElectronicConvertersandSystems:Frontiersandapplications
A.M.Trzynadlowski(Editor)
Volume75 PowerDistributionAutomationB.Das(Editor)
Volume76 PowerSystemStability:Modelling,analysisandcontrolB.OmP.Malik
Volume78 NumericalAnalysisofPowerSystemTransientsandDynamicsA.Ametani
(Editor)
Volume79 Vehicle-to-Grid:LinkingelectricvehiclestothesmartgridJ.LuandJ.Hossain
(Editors)
Volume81 Cyber-Physical-SocialSystemsandConstructsinElectricPowerEngineering
S.Suryanarayanan,R.RocheandT.M.Hansen(Editors)
Volume82 PeriodicControlofPowerElectronicConvertersF.Blaabjerg,K.Zhou,D.Wang
andY.Yang
Volume86 AdvancesinPowerSystemModelling,ControlandStabilityAnalysisF.Milano
(Editor)
Volume87 Cogeneration:Technologies,optimisationandimplementation
C.A.Frangopoulos(Editor)
Volume88 SmarterEnergy:FromsmartmeteringtothesmartgridH.Sun,N.Hatziargyriou,
H.V.Poor,L.CarpaniniandM.A.Sa´nchezFornie´ (Editors)
Volume89 HydrogenProduction,SeparationandPurificationforEnergyA.Basile,
F.Dalena,J.TongandT.N.Vezirog˘lu(Editors)
Volume90 CleanEnergyMicrogridsS.ObaraandJ.Morel(Editors)
Volume91 FuzzyLogicControlinEnergySystemswithDesignApplicationsinMATLAB‡/
Simulink‡I.H.Altas¸
Volume92 PowerQualityinFutureElectricalPowerSystemsA.F.ZobaaandS.H.E.A.Aleem
(Editors)
Volume93 CogenerationandDistrictEnergySystems:Modelling,analysisand
optimizationM.A.RosenandS.Koohi-Fayegh
Volume94 IntroductiontotheSmartGrid:Concepts,technologiesandevolution
S.K.Salman
Volume95 Communication,ControlandSecurityChallengesfortheSmartGrid
S.M.MuyeenandS.Rahman(Editors)
Volume97 SynchronizedPhasorMeasurementsforSmartGridsM.J.B.Reddyand
D.K.Mohanta(Editors)
Volume98 LargeScaleGridIntegrationofRenewableEnergySourcesA.Moreno-Munoz
(Editor)
Volume100 ModelingandDynamicBehaviourofHydropowerPlantsN.Kishorand
J.Fraile-Ardanuy(Editors)
Volume101 MethaneandHydrogenforEnergyStorageR.CarriveauandD.S.-K.Ting
Volume104 PowerTransformerConditionMonitoringandDiagnosisA.Abu-Siada(Editor)
Volume108 FaultDiagnosisofInductionMotorsJ.Faiz,V.GhorbanianandG.Joksimovic´
Volume110 HighVoltagePowerNetworkConstructionK.Harker
Volume111 EnergyStorageatDifferentVoltageLevelsTechnology,Integration,and
MarketAspectsZobaa,Ribeiro,AleemandAfifi(Editors)
Volume112 WirelessPowerTransfer:Theory,technologyandapplicationN.Shinohara
Volume115 DCDistributionSystemsandMicrogridsTomislavDragicˇevic´,FredeBlaabjergand
PatWheeler
Volume117 StructuralControlandFaultDetectionofWindTurbineSystemsHamidReza
Karimi
Volume119 ThermalPowerPlantControlandInstrumentation:Thecontrolofboilersand
HRSGs,2ndEditionD.Lindsley,J.GristandD.Parker
Volume123 PowerSystemsElectromagneticTransientsSimulation,2ndEditionN.Watson
andJ.Arrillaga
Volume124 PowerMarketTransformationB.Murray
Volume128 CharacterizationofWideBandgapPowerSemiconductorDevicesF.Wang,
Z.ZhangandE.A.Jones
Volume130 WindandSolarBasedEnergySystemsforCommunitiesR.CarriveauandD.S.-K.
Ting(Editors)
Volume131 MetaheuristicOptimizationinPowerEngineeringJ.Radosavljevic´
Volume905 PowerSystemProtection,4volumes

Bifacial Photovoltaics
Technology, applications and economics
Edited by
Joris Libal and Radovan Kopecek
The Institution of Engineering andTechnology
PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnologyisregisteredasaCharityinEngland&
Wales(no.211014)andScotland(no.SC038698).
†TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology2019
Firstpublished2018
ThispublicationiscopyrightundertheBerneConventionandtheUniversalCopyright
Convention.Allrightsreserved.Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposesofresearch
orprivatestudy,orcriticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,Designsand
PatentsAct1988,thispublicationmaybereproduced,storedortransmitted,inany
formorbyanymeans,onlywiththepriorpermissioninwritingofthepublishers,orin
thecaseofreprographicreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissued
bytheCopyrightLicensingAgency.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethose
termsshouldbesenttothepublisherattheundermentionedaddress:
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology
MichaelFaradayHouse
SixHillsWay,Stevenage
Herts,SG12AY,UnitedKingdom
www.theiet.org
Whiletheauthorsandpublisherbelievethattheinformationandguidancegiveninthis
workarecorrect,allpartiesmustrelyupontheirownskillandjudgementwhenmaking
useofthem.Neithertheauthorsnorpublisherassumesanyliabilitytoanyoneforany
lossordamagecausedbyanyerrororomissioninthework,whethersuchanerroror
omissionistheresultofnegligenceoranyothercause.Anyandallsuchliabilityis
disclaimed.
Themoralrightsoftheauthorstobeidentifiedasauthorsofthisworkhavebeen
assertedbytheminaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisproductisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN978-1-78561-274-9(hardback)
ISBN978-1-78561-275-6(PDF)
TypesetinIndiabyMPSLimited
PrintedintheUKbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon
Contents
Acknowledgements xiii
Abouttheauthors xv
1 Introduction 1
Radovan Kopecek and Joris Libal
1.1 PV2017 –history, present and future 1
1.1.1 PVbecomes the most cost-effective electricitysource 1
1.1.2 What PVtechnology will win at the end? 4
1.2 Bifacial PV2018 –history, presentand future 5
1.2.1 Shortbifacial history 5
1.2.2 Bifacial status 7
1.2.3 Bifacial future 8
1.2.4 Changing to cost per kWh thinking instead
of cost per Wp mentality 9
1.3 Bifacial book 2018 11
1.3.1 Latest bifacial publications and presentations 11
1.3.2 Chapters of our bifacial book 12
References 15
2 Bifacial cells 17
Ingrid Romijn, Gaby Janssen, ThorstenDullweber, Bas van Aken,
Naftali Eisenberg, Lev Kreinin, Matthieu Despeisse,
Valentin Mihailetchi, Jan Lossen,WolfgangJooss
and RadovanKopecek
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 History of bifacial cells (from 1960 to 2016) 19
2.3 Characteristics of bifacial cells 22
2.3.1 Bifaciality factor 22
2.3.2 Parameters influencing the bifaciality factor j 23
2.3.3 Design of bifacial cells 27
2.4 Characterizationof bifacial cells 28
2.4.1 Measuringbifacial cells 28
2.4.2 IV measurements under bifacial irradiation 31
2.5 Different types of bifacial solar cells 32
2.5.1 Heterojunctionsolar cells 32
2.5.2 n-PERT solar cells 35
2.5.3 p-PERT solar cells 40
viii Bifacial photovoltaics: technology, applications and economics
2.5.4 p-PERCþ solar cells 46
2.5.5 Bifacial back contact solar cells 54
2.6 Industrial solar cell technology roadmap 58
2.6.1 Industry status in 2017 58
2.6.2 Solar cell technology predictions (ITRPV) 59
References 60
3 Bifacial modules: designoptions,characterisationandreliability 71
Andreas Schneider, Bas van Aken, Eric Gerritsen,
Jai Prakash,Vahid Fakhfouri, Khoo YongSheng and Andreas Halm
3.1 Bifacial PVmodules: design and characterisation 71
3.1.1 Design considerations for bifacial modules 71
3.1.2 Cell-to-module lossanalysisin bifacial PVmodules 73
3.2 Optical module design optionswith bifacial cells
and light management 76
3.2.1 Optical module design optionswith bifacial cells 76
3.2.2 Light management in bifacial modules 77
3.3 Electrical designand interconnect options with bifacial cells:
half-cut cells, multi-busbar and multi-wire concepts 79
3.3.1 Multi-busbar interconnection 80
3.3.2 Half cells and smaller 82
3.3.3 Shingles and other stacking options 85
3.3.4 Interconnection of back-contact solar cells 90
3.4 Characterisationof bifacial devices 93
3.4.1 Bifacial I–V characterisation 94
3.4.2 Imaging methods 100
3.4.3 Outdoor measurements onsingle modules 102
3.5 Modelling of bifacial modules 104
3.5.1 Electrical models 104
3.5.2 Thermal behaviour 105
3.5.3 Optical modelling 107
3.6 Reliability and durability of bifacial modules 107
3.6.1 Effect of higher output current 108
3.6.2 Heat management 110
3.6.3 Selection of module materials for bifacial modules 111
3.6.4 Discussion on current IEC 61215 testing and its
suitability for bifacial modules 112
3.6.5 General discussion on safety aspects 113
References 113
4 Simulationmodelsfor energy yield prediction of bifacial systems 119
Ismail Shoukry, Djaber Berrian,Joris Libal andFlorent Haffner
4.1 Introduction/motivation 119
4.2 Critical review of current status of bifacial simulations 120
Contents ix
4.3 Bifacial gain simulation model 123
4.3.1 Optical model 124
4.3.2 Electrical model 130
4.4 Simulation results 134
4.4.1 South-facingstand-alone bifacial module 134
4.4.2 East-west-facing stand-alone vertical bifacial module 138
4.4.3 Stand-alone bifacial module with horizontal single-axis
tracking 140
4.4.4 Bifacial module field 142
4.4.5 Result validation 145
4.5 Tracking of bifacial modules and systems 147
4.6 Summary/outlook 147
References 149
5 Bifacial PV systemsandyield data(bifacial gain) 153
MarkusKlenk, Yannick Veschetti, RadovanKopecek,
HartmutNussbaumer,Heiko Hildebrandt and Rob Kreiter
5.1 Introduction 153
5.1.1 Key indicators to analyze the potential advantage
of a bifacial system over a monofacial one 154
5.2 Overview about small scale bifacial systems with information
concerning the bifacial gain 155
5.2.1 Vertically installed bifacial systems 176
5.3 Bifacial systems with non-standard mounting situation 179
5.3.1 Vertically installed bifacial systems 180
5.3.2 Floating bifacial PV 188
5.4 Overview of large-scale bifacial systems
and growth perspectives 193
5.5 Horizontal single-axis tracked bifacial systems 200
5.5.1 Bifacial (nPERT) HSATsystemin ‘‘La Silla’’by Enel 202
5.5.2 Bifacial nPERT HSATPVsystem byJolywood
usingtheir ownnPERT modules 202
5.5.3 Fixed tilt and single-axis tracking of bifacial
PERC+ modules by TRINA 202
5.5.4 Fixed tilt and tilted single-axis tracking system
with bifacial PERC+by Longi 203
5.5.5 Tilted vertical single-axis tracking system
with bifacial PERC+by Solar World 203
5.5.6 Summary of tracked bifacial PVsystems 204
5.6 What does bifacial gain tell us? Howtotransfer this
to lowest LCOEs? 205
5.6.1 Definition of bifacial gain 206
5.6.2 Examples of bifacial gains: comparison of apples
with apples 208