Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions)

169 Pages·2009·2.07 MB·english

by  Eric H Cline

BiblicalArchaeology:AVeryShortIntroduction
VeryShortIntroductionsavailablenow:
AFRICANHISTORY CLASSICS
JohnParkerandRichardRathbone MaryBeardandJohnHenderson
AMERICANPOLITICALPARTIES CLAUSEWITZ MichaelHoward
ANDELECTIONS L.SandyMaisel THECOLDWAR RobertMcMahon
THEAMERICANPRESIDENCY Communism LeslieHolmes
CharlesO.Jones CONSCIOUSNESS SusanBlackmore
ANARCHISM ColinWard CONTEMPORARYART
ANCIENTEGYPT IanShaw JulianStallabrass
ANCIENTPHILOSOPHY JuliaAnnas CONTINENTALPHILOSOPHY
ANCIENTWARFARE SimonCritchley
HarrySidebottom COSMOLOGY PeterColes
ANGLICANISM MarkChapman THECRUSADES ChristopherTyerman
THEANGLO-SAXONAGE JohnBlair CRYPTOGRAPHY
ANIMALRIGHTS DavidDeGrazia FredPiperandSeanMurphy
ANTISEMITISM StevenBeller DADAANDSURREALISM
Theapocryphalgospels DavidHopkins
PaulFoster DARWIN JonathanHoward
Aquinas FergusKerr THEDEADSEASCROLLS
ARCHAEOLOGY PaulBahn TimothyLim
ARCHITECTURE AndrewBallantyne DEMOCRACY BernardCrick
ARISTOTLE JonathanBarnes DESCARTES TomSorell
ARTHISTORY DanaArnold DESERTS NickMiddleton
ARTTHEORY CynthiaFreeland DESIGN JohnHeskett
ATHEISM JulianBaggini DINOSAURS DavidNorman
AUGUSTINE HenryChadwick DOCUMENTARYFILM
Autism UtaFrith PatriciaAufderheide
BARTHES JonathanCuller DREAMING J.AllanHobson
BESTSELLERS JohnSutherland DRUGS LeslieIversen
THEBIBLE JohnRiches THEEARTH MartinRedfern
biblicalarchaeology ECONOMICS ParthaDasgupta
EricH.Cline EGYPTIANMYTH GeraldinePinch
biography HermioneLee EIGHTEENTH-CENTURYBRITAIN
THEBOOKOFMORMON PaulLangford
TerrylL.Givens THEELEMENTS PhilipBall
THEBRAIN MichaelO’Shea EMOTION DylanEvans
BRITISHPOLITICS AnthonyWright EMPIRE StephenHowe
BUDDHA MichaelCarrithers ENGELS TerrellCarver
BUDDHISM DamienKeown ETHICS SimonBlackburn
BUDDHISTETHICS DamienKeown THEEUROPEANUNION
CAPITALISM JamesFulcher JohnPinderandSimonUsherwood
CATHOLICISM GeraldO’Collins EVOLUTION
THECELTS BarryCunliffe BrianandDeborahCharlesworth
CHAOS LeonardSmith EXISTENTIALISM ThomasFlynn
CHOICETHEORY FASCISM KevinPassmore
MichaelAllingham FEMINISM MargaretWalters
CHRISTIANART BethWilliamson THEFIRSTWORLDWAR
CHRISTIANITY LindaWoodhead MichaelHoward
Citizenship RichardBellamy FOSSILS KeithThomson
CLASSICALMYTHOLOGY FOUCAULT GaryGutting
HelenMorales FREESpeech NigelWarburton
FREEWILL ThomasPink KANT RogerScruton
THEFRENCHREVOLUTION KIERKEGAARD PatrickGardiner
WilliamDoyle THEKORAN MichaelCook
FREUD AnthonyStorr law RaymondWacks
FUNDAMENTALISM MaliseRuthven Lincoln AllenC.Guelzo
galaxies JohnGribbin LINGUISTICS PeterMatthews
GALILEO StillmanDrake LITERARYTHEORY JonathanCuller
GAMETHEORY KenBinmore LOCKE JohnDunn
GANDHI BhikhuParekh LOGIC GrahamPriest
Geography MACHIAVELLI QuentinSkinner
JohnMatthewsandDavidHerbert THEMARQUISDESADE JohnPhillips
GEOPOLITICS KlausDodds MARX PeterSinger
GERMANLITERATURE MATHEMATICS TimothyGowers
NicholasBoyle Themeaningoflife
GLOBALCATASTROPHES TerryEagleton
BillMcGuire MEDICALETHICS TonyHope
GLOBALWARMING MarkMaslin MEDIEVALBRITAIN
GLOBALIZATION ManfredSteger JohnGillinghamand
THEGREATDEPRESSIONANDTHE RalphA.Griffiths
NEWDEAL EricRauchway Memory JonathanFoster
HABERMAS JamesGordonFinlayson MODERNART DavidCottington
HEGEL PeterSinger MODERNCHINA RanaMitter
HEIDEGGER MichaelInwood MODERNIRELAND SeniaPaˇseta
HIEROGLYPHS PenelopeWilson modernjapan
HINDUISM KimKnott ChristopherGoto-Jones
HISTORY JohnH.Arnold MOLECULES PhilipBall
thehistoryof Mormonism
astronomy MichaelHoskin RichardLymanBushman
theHistoryofLife MUSIC NicholasCook
MichaelBenton MYTH RobertA.Segal
theHistoryofMedicine NATIONALISM StevenGrosby
WilliamBynum NelsonMandela EllekeBoehmer
THEHISTORYOFTIME THENEWTESTAMENTAS
LeofrancHolford-Strevens LITERATURE KyleKeefer
HIV/AIDS AlanWhiteside NEWTON RobertIliffe
HOBBES RichardTuck NIETZSCHE MichaelTanner
HUMANEVOLUTION NINETEENTH-CENTURY
BernardWood BRITAIN ChristopherHarvie
HUMANRIGHTS AndrewClapham andH.C.G.Matthew
HUME A.J.Ayer TheNormanconquest
IDEOLOGY MichaelFreeden GeorgeGarnett
INDIANPHILOSOPHY SueHamilton NORTHERNIRELAND
INTELLIGENCE IanJ.Deary MarcMulholland
INTERNATIONALMIGRATION NOTHING FrankClose
KhalidKoser nuclearweapons
INTERNATIONALRELATIONS JosephM.Siracusa
PaulWilkinson THEOLDTESTAMENT
ISLAM MaliseRuthven MichaelD.Coogan
JOURNALISM IanHargreaves PARTICLEPHYSICS FrankClose
JUDAISM NormanSolomon PAUL E.P.Sanders
JUNG AnthonyStevens PHILOSOPHY EdwardCraig
KABBALAH JosephDan PHILOSOPHYOFLAW
KAFKA RitchieRobertson RaymondWacks
PHILOSOPHYOFSCIENCE SCHIZOPHRENIA
SamirOkasha ChrisFrithandEveJohnstone
PHOTOGRAPHY SteveEdwards SCHOPENHAUER
PLATO JuliaAnnas ChristopherJanaway
POLITICALPHILOSOPHY Scienceandreligion
DavidMiller ThomasDixon
POLITICS KennethMinogue Scotland RabHouston
POSTCOLONIALISM RobertYoung Sexuality Ve´roniqueMottier
POSTMODERNISM SHAKESPEARE GermaineGreer
ChristopherButler SIKHISM EleanorNesbitt
POSTSTRUCTURALISM SOCIALANDCULTURAL
CatherineBelsey ANTHROPOLOGY
PREHISTORY ChrisGosden JohnMonaghanandPeterJust
PRESOCRATICPHILOSOPHY SOCIALISM MichaelNewman
CatherineOsborne SOCIOLOGY SteveBruce
PSYCHIATRY TomBurns SOCRATES C.C.W.Taylor
PSYCHOLOGY GillianButlerand Sovietunion StephenLovell
FredaMcManus THESPANISHCIVILWAR
Puritanism FrancisJ.Bremer HelenGraham
THEQUAKERS PinkDandelion SPINOZA RogerScruton
QUANTUMTHEORY Statistics DavidJ.Hand
JohnPolkinghorne STUARTBRITAIN JohnMorrill
RACISM AliRattansi Superconductivity
TheReaganRevolution GilTroy StephenBlundell
TheReformation PeterMarshall TERRORISM CharlesTownshend
Relativity RusseilStannard THEOLOGY DavidF.Ford
ReligioninAmerica TRAGEDY AdrianPoole
TimothyBeal THETUDORS JohnGuy
THERENAISSANCE JerryBrotton TWENTIETH-CENTURY
RENAISSANCEART BRITAIN KennethO.Morgan
GeraldineA.Johnson TheunitedNations
ROMANBRITAIN PeterSalway JussiM.Hanhim¨aki
THEROMANEMPIRE THEVIKINGS JulianRichards
ChristopherKelly WITTGENSTEIN A.C.Grayling
ROUSSEAU RobertWokler WORLDMUSIC PhilipBohlman
RUSSELL A.C.Grayling THEWORLDTRADE
RUSSIANLITERATURE ORGANIZATION
CatrionaKelly AmritaNarlikar
THERUSSIANREVOLUTION WritingandScript
S.A.Smith AndrewRobinson
Availablesoon:
Epidemiology SaracciRodolfo IslamicHistory
ForensicScience AdamSilverstein
JamesFraser Neoliberalism
Information ManfredStegerandRaviK.Roy
LucianoFloridi Privary RaymondWacks
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Eric H. Cline
BIBLICAL
ARCHAEOLOGY
A Very Short Introduction
1
3
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Copyright#2009byEricH.Cline
PublishedbyOxfordUniversityPress,Inc.
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OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,
storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,
electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,
withoutthepriorpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress.
Cline,EricH.
Biblicalarchaeology:averyshortintroduction/EricH.Cline.
p. cm.
Summary:‘‘ArchaeologistClinediscussestheoriginsofbiblicalarchaeology
asadisciplineandwhatfirstpromptedexplorerstogoinsearchofsitesthat
would‘prove’theBible.Hesurveyssomeofthesites,includingHazor,
Megiddo,Gezer,Lachish,Masada,andJerusalem.Separatechaptersdealwith
theHebrewBibleandNewTestament,fraudsandforgeries,andfuture
prospects.’’—Providedbypublisher
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN 978-0-19-534263-5 (pbk.)
1. Bible—Antiquities. I. Title
BS621.C552009
220.9’3—dc22
2009006525
1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
PrintedinGreatBritain
byAshfordColourPressLtd.,Gosport,Hants.
onacid-freepaper
To my family and my fellow archaeologists
Acknowledgments
Thisbookowesitsexistencesolelytotheeffortsandeditingof
NancyToff,towhomIoweahugedebt.Ialsoowealargedebtof
gratitudetomystudentsatGeorgeWashingtonUniversity,upon
whomItriedoutmuchofthismaterialinmyclassesoverthe
courseofthepasteightyears,usuallywithoutwarningthemin
advance.GratefulthanksareduetoFelicityCobbing,Israel
Finkelstein,DavidUssishkin,andShelleyWachsmannfortheir
assistanceinprocuringorprovidingsomeoftheillustrations;to
LeahBurrowsforherbibliographicalresearchassistance;andto
MartinJ.Cline,FelicityCobbing,DavidFarber,NormaFranklin,
JimWest,AssafYasur-Landau,andseveralanonymousreadersfor
theirhelpfulcritiques,insights,andeditorialsuggestions
regardingearliersectionsorentiredraftsofthisbook.
Contents
Listofillustrations xi
Introduction 1
Part I
Theevolutionofthediscipline 11
1
Thenineteenthcentury:theearliestexplorers 13
2
BeforetheGreatWar:fromtheologytostratigraphy 21
3
Theinterwarperiod:squareholesinroundtells 30
4
After1948:biblicalveracityandnationalism 40
5
BeyondtheSix-DayWar:newsurveysandstrategies 50
6
The1990sandbeyond:fromnihilismtothepresent 59
Part II
ArchaeologyandtheBible 69
7
FromNoahandtheFloodtoJoshuaandtheIsraelites 71
8
FromDavidandSolomontoNebuchadnezzarandthe
Neo-Babylonians 80
9
FromtheSilverAmuletScrollstotheDeadSeaScrolls 89