Beyond Vision (One Hundred Historic Scientific Photographs)

228 Pages·1984·46.127 MB·228\228

by  Jon Darius

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n(f · 5 I B 0-19-8532-485
BeyondV ision
OneH undreHdi storic
ScientPihfioct ographs

BeyonVdi si,o.n
JoDna rius
OxfordN ewY ork
OxforUdn iversiPtrye ss
1984
OxforUdn iverPsrietsyWs a,l ton SOtxrfeoerOtdX, 2 6 DP
LondoGnl asgoNwe wY orkT oronto
DelhBio mbay Cal.McaudtrtaaKs a rachi
KualLau mpurS ingapHoorneg K ongT okyo
NairoDbair e sS alaaCma pTeo wn
MelbourAnuec kland
anda ssociaitne s
BeiruBte rliInb adaMne xicCoi tNyi cosia
OXFORD isa tradmea rko fO xford UniPverressist y
© JonD ariu1s9 84
Allr ights reNsoep ravroetfdt .h ipsu blicamtaiybo enr eproduced,
storienad r etriseyvsatleo mrt, r ansmiitnta enydf ,o romr b y any means,
electrmoencihcna,i clap,h otocopryeicnogr,d oirno gt,h erwwiisteh,o ut
thper iopre rmissoifOo xnf orUdn iverPsrietsys
BritiLsihb raCrayt aloguiinPn ugb licatDaitoan
DariuJso,n
Beyonvdi sion.
1S. ceince- Hitsory-- Pitcoirawlo rks
1.T itle
509 Q1256.
ISBN 0-19-853245-8
LibraorfCy o ngreCsast alogiinPn ugb licaDtaitoan
DariuJso,n
Beyonvdi sion.
Bilboigrapph.y :
Incluidnedse x.
1.Ph otgroaphy-- Sceinticafi pplicat1io.Tn ist.l e
TR692.D3179 84 778.3 84-4405
ISBN0 -19-8532-485
Thibso owka sd esiganenddp roducbeyd
A. JHO.L LY( EDITORILATLD)
foOrx forUdn iverPsrietsys
PrintienGd r eaBtr itabiyn
JOLLY& BARBERL TD, RUGBWYA,R WICKSHIRE
Preface
Itw ast hien uaguratoifao nne wm usuem- theN ationMauls euomf P ho­
tograpFhiyla,mn dT eelviosni- whiclthit hfeus el aedintogB eyonVdi si.o n
Inspdi ripena rbty t hec reatoifot nh en ew museuams aonu tpoosftt h e
Scinece sMeuum, Lotnhdieod neo,af a ssmeblians ge otf h siotriscc ientific
photogrgaepmrhisnt aeidn 1 982.
This baonodk ctohre rpeosndienxgh ibictainco lna wiimt sho mjeus tciet o
bet hfier sto ft hekiirn Odf.c oursscei enpthoitfiocg rahpahvse bceoelcnlt eed
inb ookasn dd isypslo anm anyp revioocucssai ofnostr h eed ificaatmiuosne,­
mente,v ebnew idlermeonftt phueb liTch.ei mgaeasr e usuaelcltyee idst ehler
toi lusltrtahtreea ngaen d poowfae t ro oolrt echniwqiuedele d tbhyse c ni­e
tifpihco togra(pleehcetrr moinco rscopfyoi,rn sta)on rce elsteod azzlteh e
viweerw itahe stthiecapllalesyi snhgto so fb alloons bautr sitnphtoe,a mta ps
oft hbeo dys,u pernroevman anitnbs lz aincgoo lura nds of ort.hN either of
thecsaet egoirsti obe esd engirataenddb othha vper odumceemdo arblceo l­
lcetoin-sb uitn s piotfse e verali nca oimmmso wnih tt hper esecnoetlc ltion,
thyed ievrgfeor mi ti no nep atricualbaorva elf lo:tr h meo st ptahreptih roo t­
graphhosw,ve eprr aiwsorethayrt,epy iceaxlma plsew hreeatsh cer itefroiro n
incsliuoinnB eyonVdi siiostn h tat hebyeu nqiu.e
BeyonVdi siiosmn o rteh aanc atyct hit:il nte icedleyfi snw ehaitsm eanbty
a" sceinfitcip"h otroagpfhor o urp urponseamse,lo yn ew hicphr oviidnoefrs­
matiioannc cesstiotb hlheeu maeny eO.na lslc aslf erotmh seu bmicrotsoc opic
thceo msicp,h otogrhaaptshh yae b iylt ioet xpandl mioiutrev di siroenv,le iagn
invbilsreia diatflieeotnisen,vg e nvtasn,i shifanigniltmy ga esr,e morteea lms
ofs pace oacnedaw nh icthh nea kdee yec anontc atpurFer.a ncTihso mpson
coulhda vbee edne scrisbcinintegi pfihcto ograwphhney h ew rot"e0,w orld
inviswiebv liwee ,t hee. .0 .wo rludn knowawbel ek,n tohwe /eI,anpprehen­
sibwleec ,ul tcthh ee."
Thidse finitnieoants ldiye stetphsde e luogfpe h otograwphhiscm her ely
deptis ccniteisfiucjbe ctsso,t hatw es hanlolbt ec ompledelt oc ondseipri c­
turoefsb utrtflesip earadiinnt ghg eu iosfee notmolyo,ng orr ockoyu tcrops
repsreentignego longoyet,v erne corodfss k idnie sasdeesr moaoltgyS.c ine­
tismtaysfi ndt hehma ndtye,c ihcnjaulor namlaysp ubltihseh-m b uit ns uch
phtoogratphhecs a mread oenso ta fforuds aunn dearnsdtitnhga tth eey e
alocnoeu lnodta ttaEiqnu.la ylt,h deo maiofnd ocunmtearpyh otogriasp hy
comlpteelfyor eigtnh:e arrene o p hotaogprhriecc orodfts h Ceu rilebaso'r a­
tornyo,cr a ndsihodt osf E isntesitni ckoiunhtgi t so ngue.
"Histco"rm iay butn eendo bte " htiosircaTlh"e.i magehse resipna tnh e
hsitoorfyp hotogrfarpohimyt osr ignienasr 1l5y0 ryse aatgoto h per esent
dayf,or mt hoen cpeo purld aaguerretoodt gyiiplteya l encoddp ehotographs
formd eespp ace. oSfto hemp eit curweisll a rleadbyew elklno wns,u cahst he
disvceorpyal teosfP ltuoo,u termpoalsntei tnt hSeo lrSa ysteomra; f ortiori
clsasiicm asgo eft heEa rtshe efnr osmp acOet.h erlsi,kt eh ed iosvceryo f
charmo r iannrf arread inbwoiwln,lo bt e f amiilatrot hgee nerpaubll ibcu,t
they jasurtae sh isitocir nt hewiary E.a hci magien cleudid su niqbueec ause
ofi tisn tnrsiisci gnific(ae.n.t,cgh efe ai tnesitm ageev erre corded), because of
itpsl aicne thhiteso royfs cie(ndcieo svecryof t hpeo sriotno)r,b ecauistie s
ac lasisnii tcs roiwgtn(h thfier sptci turreet urfnreodtm h seu rfoafcMe ar s).
Manyo ft heshei stoprhioct ographst hgeapiiarnr etdi csuinlgiafirc aansce
obejctosfm easumrenetb,u ott herst ehaeprilnra ocnea cocunotft heiinrfl u­
enceev etnh ougthhe mya y nevehrav eb eesnu bmtietdt or uloerrd ensi­
tometer.
Finaltlhyde,e finitoifao " nph otoagprhi"sa lwleodt ob ea lmsota sfl exible
as" histoarnidc" "s cniteifiacr"te i tglhcyo nstraTioin nesdoi.ns t th per esence
ofa ne mulswioounl bdet oe xclumodsest p aicmea rgye- no venoimails sion.
Thed efinitiisso tnr hetedct oc ovrpe hotogrcaopmhpsr dio sfme orteh nao ne
ima,ge eithiensr p a(cpeh otomonotria ntg iem);ie mgaeast n o-nivsulw aave­
lnegthcso ded icn olfoaulrnssoe;-n ptiocripahlot aopghrssu cahss pecatnrda
interfepraetntce.eIr tnis sh igthi mteh awte e xpanodu rn arrovwii sonof
photogratpoah loylw f otrh ien cursoifmo onrr ee cnett ecohlngoieTsh.eo nly
firme xclun aspipoltioee sm plonytmo ef tlghieh t-senssuirtfisavicemel pya s
afl uxc olleicnto onred imnesiotnh;ut sh earrene o e xampolfep sh oteotmry
oro fp ltaebsl cakenebdy r adioascotuirvcee s.
Puta ltlh ecsrei tteorgieat ahnedir tw ilbleo bivouhso wt hihse terogeneous
selecctaimoen togaes teehlcetri,m oadne f roamn i ntiiacals otfs evehruanl­
dreidnw hicthh eem phasfialsln so to nt hpeh otaogprhicraelplrye sentative
buotn t hhei tsorlilcuyani quIen.d eaesdm ,i hgtb ee xpecttheedar,r ewe h ole
areaosfb otshc nitefiicr eseaarncdhp hotroagphtiecc hqnuiew ithout rep­
resentaattai loTlnh. ep hotoghripaclp arteeni egds uprefmoetr h bee ttpearr t
ofa c entuirnay s tronaonmdfy o sre vedreaacld eisnn ucelaprh ys-iscosi ti s
onljysu tt hatth ceo llectsihoounl fda votuhre tsoep ic.O sn tohteh ehra nd,
photogrhaapsshc ya rceevlebyre etnh per imasroyu rocfie n ofrmatiinos,na y,
botaonryz ooloegxyc efportp urpoosfer se coarnddi llustr-aatnidto hni s
pauictiysa lsroe flec.Dt eiffderesnctni ceeastf,e arl l, focrd ailefflr etntol os.
Asf orp hotaopgrhtiecc hn,it qhueeex tiesncoefh itsor-inco jts utt ypic-al
photogrwaapsho nsc e agtahiedn e termifnacitnogTr h.u tsh eo misns oifo
infralruemdi nescfeorne cxmeap,l ,ie sn om ereo versight.
Theg enroefps h otogrwahpihcdyho fi guraer ael eradwyi d-eranghiinhgg­:
speeadn d its atlitmeer- lepaghpoos teo graXp-hryau;ytl ,r aovlieotpt,i cal,
infraerveedmn,i rcowaivmea gmeisc;r osicnoi ptoysp tailce,el ctraonndfi el­d
iovna rietpiatetse;cr rnesa tbeyid n terfesrcaetntceer,pi onlgra,i zatainodn
spectdripaselr sion; hoalnodsg preacpiihzayetl;de chnsif qorumei nnsepr ace
(e.agn.go,ig rapthooy u)t er s(pdgaiictreae lc onstrauncdet nihoann cement).
Int heb esttr adiotifGo uinn nesysl-rese tcordi-ncght,ah sec ollecatlisoon
boastpsh otroagphmiecd ailsltisnt hree alomfts h sem laletshtfe,a stteshte,
faitne satn dt hfear thest.
Soi ntenhsaest hehu nbte efno sru itabhliteso rsiccni tiefipch otographs
thaitnm anyc asste hpei tcurweisl blea r evaetlinoonl sest ot hsep eciisatl
thatnot hgee nerpaulbc l.Mi anyc ardlioogiwsitlbsle u nawatrheat th hesi ­
torriacd iogroafWp .h sF orssmsae-nlcnfta'hse terizaetxiiosnt ns,et aiitnlhdle r
optipchayls tiscn iopsrh ootgraphhiisct orairaleni slk yte oh aveen countered
WilliaCmr oosk'peo larizpaattitoe.nSr andsltyh,le i tos fp hotogrwahpohsse
orgiina(losdr i reccotpe isc)o ulndo whree ubnee arthhaseg dr owqnu iatse
lonTgh.ee ndeimcd istienreosftt h ree seasrccnihte iisnht i osw np hotographic
creaticoonuspd,lw eitthh nee gligoefna crec hiisvtansd h sitoarnism,us ta c­
countt hfdeoi ras ppearaonfsc ome a nys trocnagn dtiedfsaor B eyonVdis ion:
thhesi torairct eriomgadreai mnV inenab yE .H ascheakn dO .T .L inndtehal
in1 89b6y i njectthihena gn odf a f eamlceo rpwsiet ahm ixturoefm erucry
compouannddp araffitnh;ee arliXe-srtad yir ffactipoant teorfcn u prsiucl ­
phtaec rystmaadlesb yt hger eMatax v onL auaet E ast1e91r2w itWh. F reid­
ricahn dP .K nippienlge;c tmricorno graopfah d sai tobmy F .K rau(s1e9 37)
whicshu rpadst sheree soluotfi otlnhi egm hictr oscfooptreh e fitrismtte h;e
verfiyr stth ermogorfaa h mum anb eign,a p rostmraant ree coridnFe rda nce
in1 94.6R. e protdiuoconfas l olft hehsaev eb eepnu bhleidsb,u tth oer giinals
.