Beyond Earth : a chronicle of deep space exploration, 1958-2016

393 Pages·2018·8.946 MB·English

by  Asif A. Siddiqi

Beyond Earth
A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016
Asif A. Siddiqi

Beyond Earth
A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016
by
Asif A. Siddiqi
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
Office of Communications
NASA History Division
Washington, DC 20546
NASA SP-2018-4041
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Siddiqi, Asif A., 1966– author. | United States. NASA History Division, issuing body. | United States.
NASA History Program Office, publisher.
Title: Beyond Earth : a chronicle of deep space exploration, 1958–2016 / by Asif A. Siddiqi.
Other titles: Deep space chronicle
Description: Second edition. | Washington, DC : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of
Communications, NASA History Division, [2018] | Series: NASA SP ; 2018-4041 | Series: The NASA history
series | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017058675 (print) | LCCN 2017059404 (ebook) | ISBN 9781626830424 | ISBN 9781626830431 |
ISBN 9781626830431?q(paperback)
Subjects: LCSH: Space flight—History. | Planets—Exploration—History.
Classification: LCC TL790 (ebook) | LCC TL790 .S53 2018 (print) | DDC 629.43/509—dc23 | SUDOC NAS
1.21:2018-4041
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017058675
Original Cover Artwork provided by Ariel Waldman
The artwork titled Spaceprob.es is a companion piece to the Web site that catalogs the active human-made machines
that freckle our solar system. Each space probe’s silhouette has been paired with its distance from Earth via the Deep
Space Network or its last known coordinates.
This publication is available as a free download at http://www.nasa.gov/ebooks.
ISBN 978-1-62683-043-1
90000
9 781626 830431
For
my beloved
father
Dr. Hafiz G. A. Siddiqi
Whose achievements I can only hope to emulate
iii

Contents
Preface xi
Introduction xiii
A Note About Terminology xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Firsts in the History of
Deep Space Exploration 1
1958 5
1 [Pioneer 0] 5
2 [Luna, Ye-1 no. 1] 5
3 Able 2 [Pioneer] 6
4 [Luna, Ye-1 no. 2] 7
1961 21
5 Pioneer II 7
6 [Luna, Ye-1 no. 3] 8 21 Heavy Satellite [Venera] 21
7 Pioneer III 8 22 Automatic Interplanetary Station [Venera 1] 21
23 Ranger I 22
1959 11
24 Ranger II 23
8 Soviet Space Rocket [Luna 1] 11
1962 25
9 Pioneer IV 11
10 [Luna, Ye-1A no. 5] 12 25 Ranger III 25
11 Second Soviet Space Rocket [Luna 2] 12 26 Ranger IV 25
12 Automatic Interplanetary Station [Luna 3] 13 27 Mariner I 26
13 Able IVB [Pioneer] 16 28 [Venera, 2MV-1 no. 3] 26
29 Mariner II 27
1960 17
30 [Venera, 2MV-1 no. 4] 29
14 Pioneer V 17 31 [Venera, 2MV-2 no. 1] 29
15 [Luna, Ye-3 no. 1] 17 32 Ranger V 30
16 [Luna, Ye no. 2] 18 33 [Mars, 2MV-4 no. 3] 30
17 Able VA [Pioneer] 18 34 Mars 1 31
18 [Mars, 1M no. 1] 18 35 [Mars, 2MV-3 no. 1] 32
19 [Mars, 1M no. 2] 19
1963 33
20 Able VB [Pioneer] 20
36 [Luna, Ye-6 no. 2] 33
37 [Luna, Ye-6 no. 3] 33
38 Luna 4 34
39 Kosmos 21 [Zond] 34
v
vi BEYOND EARTH: A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016
1964 37
40 Ranger VI 37
41 [Zond, 3MV-1A no. 4A] 37
42 [Luna, Ye-6 no. 6] 38
43 Kosmos 27 [Venera] 38
44 Zond 1 [Venera] 39
45 [Luna, Ye-6 no. 5] 39
46 Ranger VII 40
47 Mariner III 41
48 Mariner IV 41
49 Zond 2 43
1965 45 1967 65
50 Ranger VIII 45 78 Lunar Orbiter III 65
51 [Atlas Centaur 5] 45 79 Surveyor III 66
52 Kosmos 60 [Luna] 46 80 Lunar Orbiter IV 67
53 Ranger IX 46 81 Kosmos 159 [Luna] 67
54 [Luna, Ye-6 no. 8] 47 82 Venera 4 68
55 Luna 5 47 83 Mariner V 70
56 Luna 6 48 84 Kosmos 167 [Venera] 70
57 Zond 3 48 85 Surveyor IV 71
58 Surveyor Model 1 49 86 Explorer XXXV / Anchored International
59 Luna 7 49 Monitoring Platform 6 71
60 Venera 2 50 87 Lunar Orbiter V 72
61 Venera 3 51 88 Surveyor V 72
62 Kosmos 96 [Venera] 51 89 [Zond, 7K-L1 no. 4L] 73
63 Luna 8 52 90 Surveyor VI 74
64 Pioneer VI 53 91 [Zond, 7K-L1 no. 5L] 74
92 Pioneer VIII 75
1966 55
1968 77
65 Luna 9 55
66 Kosmos 111 [Luna] 56 93 Surveyor VII 77
67 Luna 10 57 94 [Luna, Ye-6LS no. 112] 78
68 Surveyor Model 2 58 95 Zond 4 78
69 Surveyor I 58 96 Luna 14 79
70 Explorer XXXIII 59 97 [Zond, 7K-L1 no. 7L] 79
71 Lunar Orbiter I 59 98 Zond 5 79
72 Pioneer VII 60 99 Pioneer IX 80
73 Luna 11 61 100 Zond 6 81
74 Surveyor II 61
75 Luna 12 62
76 Lunar Orbiter II 62
77 Luna 13 64
CONTENTS vii
1969 83 1973 113
101 Venera 5 83 137 Luna 21 and Lunokhod 2 113
102 Venera 6 84 138 Pioneer 11 114
103 [Zond, 7K-L1 no. 13L] 84 139 Explorer 49 116
104 [Luna, Ye-8 no. 201] 85 140 Mars 4 117
105 [N1 launch test, 7K-L1S no. 2] 85 141 Mars 5 118
106 Mariner VI 86 142 Mars 6 119
107 [Mars, M-69 no. 521] 87 143 Mars 7 120
108 Mariner VII 87 144 Mariner 10 121
109 [Mars, M-69 no. 522] 88
1974 123
110 [Luna, Ye-8-5 no. 402] 89
111 [N1 test flight, 7K-L1S] 89 145 Luna 22 123
112 Luna 15 90 146 Luna 23 123
113 Zond 7 91 147 Helios 1 124
114 Pioneer 91
115 Kosmos 300 [Luna] 92
116 Kosmos 305 [Luna] 92
1970 93
117 [Luna, Ye-8-5 no. 405] 93
118 Venera 7 93
119 Kosmos 359 [Venera] 94
120 Luna 16 94
121 Zond 8 96
122 Luna 17 and Lunokhod 1 97
1971 99
123 Mariner 8 99 1975 127
124 Kosmos 419 [Mars] 99
125 Mars 2 100 148 Venera 9 127
126 Mars 3 101 149 Venera 10 128
127 Mariner 9 103 150 Viking 1 129
128 Apollo 15 Particle and Fields Subsatellite 104 151 Viking 2 132
129 Luna 18 104 152 [Luna] 134
130 Luna 19 105
1976 135
1972 107
153 Helios 2 135
131 Luna 20 107 154 Luna 24 136
132 Pioneer 10 108
1977 137
133 Venera 8 110
134 Kosmos 482 [Venera] 111 155 Voyager 2 137
135 Apollo 16 Particles and Fields Subsatellite 111 156 Voyager 1 142
136 [N1 launch test, 7K-LOK no. 6A] 112
viii BEYOND EARTH: A CHRONICLE OF DEEP SPACE EXPLORATION, 1958–2016
1978 147
157 Pioneer Venus 1 147
158 Pioneer Venus 2 148
159 ISEE-3 149
160 Venera 11 150
161 Venera 12 152
1981 155
162 Venera 13 155
163 Venera 14 156
1983 159
164 Venera 15 159
1995 189
165 Venera 16 160
181 SOHO 189
1984 161
1996 191
166 Vega 1 161
167 Vega 2 162 182 NEAR Shoemaker 191
183 Mars Global Surveyor 192
1985 165
184 Mars 8 / Mars 96 193
168 Sakigake 165 185 Mars Pathfinder 195
169 Giotto 165
1997 197
170 Suisei 166
186 ACE 197
1988 169
187 Cassini-Huygens 197
171 Fobos 1 169 188 Asiasat 3 / HGS 1 203
172 Fobos 2 170
1998 205
1989 173
189 Lunar Prospector 205
173 Magellan 173 190 Nozomi 205
174 Galileo 175 191 Deep Space 1 207
192 Mars Climate Orbiter 208
1990 179
1999 209
175 Hiten and Hagoromo 179
176 Ulysses 180 193 Mars Polar Lander and Deep Space 2 209
194 Stardust 210
1992 183
2001 213
177 Geotail 183
178 Mars Observer 184 195 2001 Mars Odyssey 213
196 Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP) 214
1994 185
197 Genesis 215
179 Clementine 185
2002 217
180 Wind 186
198 CONTOUR 217