Between Two Worlds: The Frontier Region Between Ancient Nubia and Egypt, 3700 BC-500 AD (Probleme Der Ägyptologie, Volume 29)

629 Pages·2008·3.55 MB·English

by  László Török

Between Two Worlds
Probleme
der Ägyptologie
Herausgegeben von
Wolfgang Schenkel,
Antonio Loprieno
und
Joachim Friedrich Quack
29.Band
Between Two Worlds
The Frontier Region between Ancient Nubia
and Egypt 3700 BC – AD 500
by
László Török
LEIDEN•BOSTON
2009
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Török,László.
Betweentwoworlds:thefrontierregionbetweenancientNubiaandEgypt,3700BC-500
AD/byLászlóTörök.
p.cm.--(ProblemederÄgyptologie)
ISBN978-90-04-17197-8(hardback:alk.paper)1.Egypt--History--To640A.D.2.
Nubia--History.3.Egypt--Relations--Nubia.4.Nubia--Relations--Egypt.I.Title.II.Series.
DT83.T672008
932--dc22
2008043649
ISSN 0169-9601
ISBN 9789004171978
Copyright2009byKoninklijkeBrillNV,Leiden,TheNetherlands.
KoninklijkeBrillNVincorporatestheimprintsBrill,HoteiPublishing,
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CONTENTS
ListofTables intheText.............................................. xi
ListofPlates ........................................................... xiii
PrefaceandAcknowledgements ...................................... xv
ANoteonGeographicalTerms ...................................... xxi
ChapterOne Introduction:ANubian WorshipperofIsisfrom
theSecondCenturyBC............................................ 1
1. TheBudapestTerracotta........................................ 1
2. CulturalSyncretismontheNubian Border .................... 3
ChapterTwo Frontiers .............................................. 7
1. FrontierLinesandFrontierZones .............................. 7
2. TheEgyptian-Meroitic FrontierintheRomanPeriod:An
IntroductoryNote................................................ 9
3. TheFrontierintheEgyptianMythoftheState................ 12
4. The“Frontier”atHagrel-Merwa .............................. 15
5. TheEgyptian-Meroitic FrontierintheRomanPeriod:A
SecondIntroductoryNote....................................... 20
ChapterThree TheBeginnings:A-GroupLowerNubiaand
theEmerging Egyptian State(c.3700–2800BC) .................. 23
1. BeforePoliticalFrontiers......................................... 23
2. TheEmergenceofElites ........................................ 29
3. LateMesolithicand“Abkan” LowerNubia .................... 31
4. TheRiseoftheA-GroupChiefdoms........................... 33
5. TheContactsoftheA-GroupwithEgyptintheNaqada
Period............................................................. 37
6. TheEmergenceofTerritorialPoliticalUnits................... 39
7. TheContactsoftheLateA-GroupwithPredynastic and
EarlyDynasticEgypt ............................................ 48
vi contents
ChapterFour OldKingdomDominationandtheRebirthofthe
NativePolities(c.2800–2160BC)................................... 53
1. ThePost-A-GroupHiatusandtheEstablishmentofthe
Egyptian Domination............................................ 53
2. LowerNubiaintheEarlyBronzeAge:TheEmergenceof
theC-GroupPolities............................................. 58
3. TheEarlyC-GroupChiefdomsbetween EgyptandEarly
Kerma............................................................ 64
ChapterFive LowerNubiaandFirstIntermediate PeriodEgypt
(c.2160–2055BC).................................................... 75
ChapterSix LowerNubiabetweenKermaandMiddle
KingdomEgypt (c.2055–1650BC)................................. 79
1. TheEgyptian OccupationofLowerNubia .................... 79
2. NubiansandEgyptiansinLowerNubiaunderMiddle
KingdomDomination........................................... 92
ChapterSeven KermaDominationinLowerNubiainthe
SecondIntermediatePeriod(c.1650–1550BC)....................103
ChapterEight LocatingtheCulturesofLowerNubiainthe
LateNeolithic,EarlyandMiddleBronzeAge:Some
PreliminaryConclusions ...........................................119
1. AgainstModels...................................................119
2. UnityoftheNileValley? ........................................124
2.1. ImageandSociety ..........................................124
2.2. C-GroupDisplay............................................131
2.3. Excursus:ThePaintingsofKXIatKerma andtheEnd
ofClassicKerma............................................139
ChapterNine NewKingdom EgyptinNubia(c.1550–1069BC) .157
1. TheConquest....................................................157
2. ManagingChaos:TheViceregal Administration ..............169
2.1. OrderandChaos ...........................................169
2.2. TheViceroyandhisRealm ................................171
2.3. SettlementandEconomy...................................182
2.3.1. BeforeThutmoseIII(1555–1479BC) ................182
2.3.2. Wawat andKushfromThutmoseIIIto
ThutmoseIV(1479–1390BC)........................184
contents vii
2.3.3. Wawat andKushfromAmenhotepIIIto
Horemheb(1390–1295BC)...........................187
2.3.4. Wawat andKushundertheNineteenthDynasty
(1295–1186BC)........................................191
2.3.5. TheLastCenturyofNewKingdomDomination
inWawat andKush(1186–1069BC).................195
2.3.6. TheEndoftheEgyptianDomination ..............200
ChapterTen Religion andSocietyinNewKingdom Nubia......209
1. GodsandTemples...............................................209
1.1. TheStateandtheGods ....................................209
1.2. TheAdoptionoftheTraditional LocalCults..............211
1.2.1. TheBeginnings.......................................211
1.2.2. FromAhmosetoThutmoseIII......................215
1.2.3. AmenhotepIIandThutmoseIV....................229
1.3. AmenhotepIII’s RoyalCult................................230
1.4. FromAmenhotepIV/Akhenaten toHoremheb ..........236
1.5. TheSacredLandscapeofRamessideNubia ..............243
1.5.1. CreatingaNewSacredLandscape..................243
1.5.2. Beitel-WaliandAksha...............................246
1.5.3. AbuSimbel...........................................248
1.5.4. AmaraWestandDerr ...............................252
1.5.5. Wadies-SebuaandGerfHussein....................253
1.5.6. The“Nubian”GodsintheNineteenthand
TwentiethDynasties..................................257
ChapterEleven Nubians andEgyptiansinNewKingdom
Nubia:TheDegreesofEgyptianization...........................263
1. Wawat ............................................................263
2. Wawat andKush.................................................280
ChapterTwelve ALong,SilentInterlude?LowerNubiainthe
ThirdIntermediatePeriod(c.1069–795BC).......................285
1. TheArchaeological Record .....................................285
2. TheRemains oftheViceregal Administration .................288
3. NativePolities....................................................291
4. QueenKadimalo ................................................294
5. TheelKurruChiefsandTheirChronologies..................298
6. Egyptianization atelKurru .....................................304
viii contents
ChapterThirteen LowerNubiaundertheTwenty-Fifth
DynastyandtheNapatan Kings(c.795–332BC)..................311
1. Introduction:TheEmergenceoftheTwenty-FifthDynasty...311
2. Alara’s Memory..................................................314
3. KashtaandPiankhyinEgypt ...................................319
4. LowerNubiaintheDoubleKingdomofEgypt andKush
(c.755–656BC) ...................................................328
4.1. TheArchaeologicalMap ...................................328
4.2. TheLimitsofEgyptianization..............................329
4.3. TheGreatAmunTempleatNapataandtheSacred
GeographyofPiankhy’s Realm.............................331
4.4. LowerNubiaunderTaharqo...............................339
4.5. TheFortressesinLowerNubiaandtheWadiHowar.....343
4.6. NorthandSouth:Similarities andDifferences ............345
5. TheEndoftheDoubleKingdom...............................350
6. LowerNubiaaftertheTwenty-FifthDynasty ..................359
6.1. EgyptinLowerNubia(fromtheCampaign of
PsamtekIItotheEarlyFourthCenturyBC) ..............359
6.2. KushinLowerNubia.......................................364
6.2.1. TheFirstHalfoftheFourthCenturyBC...........364
6.2.2. TheSecondHalfoftheFourthCenturyBC........372
ChapterFourteen TheNeighbourofPtolemaicEgypt
(c.332–30BC) .......................................................377
1. EgyptinLowerNubiabeforetheUpperEgyptian Revolt
(c.332–205BC) ...................................................377
1.1. TheFirstContacts ..........................................377
1.2. TheDistributionofSettlementinLowerNubia...........380
1.3. TheEgyptianConquestofLowerNubiain275/4BC....384
2. LowerNubiaunderKushiteRuleduring theUpper
Egyptian Revolt(207/6–186BC) ................................391
3. NubiansandEgyptiansintheTriakontaschoinos
(186–30BC).......................................................400
3.1. TheConstructionofanEgyptian Province
(c.186–100BC) ..............................................400
3.2. TheConstructionofaMeroiticProvince?(c.100–30BC).411
3.2.1. MeroiticCemeteriesintheTriakontaschoinos .....411
3.2.2. FromRoyal TombtoElitePyramid:The
MortuaryEvidenceoftheMeroiticAdvanceinto
PtolemaicLowerNubia..............................415
contents ix
ChapterFifteen UnitingTwoWorlds:LowerNubiaintheTime
oftheMeroiticViceroys (c.30BCtotheMiddleoftheAD
FourthCentury).....................................................427
1. AugustusinLowerNubia .......................................427
1.1. CorneliusGallusandtheFoederateTyrannos ofLower
Nubiain29BC..............................................427
1.2. The“District-Commissioners”intheFoederate
TriakontaschoinosandinearlyRomanLowerNubia ....435
1.3. TheFallofCorneliusGallusandtheWarBetween
MeroeandRome ...........................................439
2. Government,SocietyandCultureintheRoman
Dodekaschoinos..................................................443
2.1. CreatingaSacredLandscape ..............................443
2.2. EgyptiansandNubians intheDodekaschoinos ...........456
3. FormulaeofEliteIdentityinLowerNubian Mortuary
Inscriptions.......................................................473
4. TheGovernmentofMeroiticLowerNubia....................491
4.1. TheOfficialHierarchyandtheRegions...................491
4.2. TheGovernorofAkine......................................496
4.3. TheRulerandtheProvince................................502
4.4. RegionalIdentities ..........................................505
4.5. LowerNubiaUnitedwithMeroeandEgypt..............507
ChapterSixteen Post-MeroiticLowerNubiabeforetheAdvent
ofChristianity.......................................................515
ChapterSeventeen Epilogue.ThreeAgesofLowerNubian
Autonomy:TheA-GroupandC-GroupChiefdomsandthe
Kingdom ofNoubadia .............................................531
Abbreviations ..........................................................543
IndexofNames........................................................581
Index ofPlacesandPeoples...........................................591
Index ofTopics ........................................................599
Plates ...................................................................607