Best Practice Protocols for Physique Assessment in Sport

294 Pages·2018·5.82 MB·English

by  Patria A. Hume

Best Practice
Protocols for Physique
Assessment in Sport
Patria A. Hume
Deborah A. Kerr
Timothy R. Ackland
Editors
123
Best Practice Protocols for Physique Assessment
in Sport
Patria A. Hume • Deborah A. Kerr
Timothy R. Ackland
Editors
Best Practice Protocols for
Physique Assessment in
Sport
Editors
Patria A. Hume Deborah A. Kerr
Sport Performance Research Institute School of Public Health
New Zealand Curtin University
Auckland University of Technology Perth, West Australia, Australia
Auckland, New Zealand
Timothy R. Ackland
School of Sport Science, Exercise and
Health
The University of Western Australia
Perth, West Australia, Australia
ISBN 978-981-10-5417-4 ISBN 978-981-10-5418-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5418-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017960953
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We dedicate this book to our body
composition mentors and thank them for
passing their technical and academic
expertise onto us, for providing inspiration
and encouragement and for leading by
excellent example.
Professor J.E. Lindsay
Carter, Ph.D., Dr.H.C.,
Professor Emeritus,
San Diego State
University, USA.
Lindsay graduated from
the University of Otago
(1950–1952) and
Auckland Teachers College (1953). He held
teaching and research positions at the School
of Physical Education (UO) in 1954–1955
and again in 1960–1962. From 1956 to 1959,
he was a Fulbright Scholar at the University
of Iowa, Iowa City, where he obtained his
M.A. and Ph.D. degrees. From 1962 to 1992,
he was a professor in the Department of
Physical Education at San Diego State
University, San Diego, California, USA,
where he taught applied anatomy and
kinesiology, biomechanics, adaptive physical
education, growth and development and
kinanthropometry. He received the
Outstanding Faculty Award (1983) and the
Exceptional Merit Service Award (1984).
Currently he is professor emeritus in the
School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences
at San Diego State University and continues
his research in kinanthropometry, along with
consulting, workshops and invited
presentations. In addition to other honours,
Lindsay received honorary doctorate degrees
from universities in Hungary (1998) and
Belgium (2005). He was elected to the
Inaugural Wall of Fame at the School of
Physical Education, University of Otago,
New Zealand, in May 2006. Lindsay’s
research work has focused on the structure
and function of athletes and non-athletes. He
is the co-developer of the Heath-Carter
somatotype method which is presently the
most widely used in body build research. He
has published over 130 articles and chapters
and has been author or editor of nine books.
He was a key investigator in
kinanthropometric studies of Olympic and
World Championship athletes in Mexico City
(1968), Montreal (1976), Perth (1991),
Uruguay (1995) and Zimbabwe (1995). He
has served as a consultant or co-investigator
for studies in 18 countries. In addition, he
has given invited presentations and/or
workshops in many countries. Lindsay has
been a mentor to Patria for body composition
projects and teaching. He provided funding
and support to enable the J.E. Lindsay
Carter Kinanthropometry Laboratory to be
established at Auckland University of
Technology (AUT), New Zealand, in 2004. In
2012, AUT opened the J.E. Lindsay Carter
Kinanthropometry Clinic and Archive at AUT
Millennium in honour of Lindsay.
Professor Bill Ross,
Ph.D., Emeritus
Professor, Canada.
Dr. William (Bill) D. Ross,
formerly a professor at
Simon Fraser University,
is a life member of
ISAK. Bill was a
postdoctoral research fellow at the Institute
of Child Health, London. He was given an
Award for Distinguished Service by the
British Columbia Recreation Association for
leadership in working with health, fitness
and lifestyle enhancement professionals. In
1988, he was the first Canadian awarded the
internationally prestigious Philip Noel-Baker
Research Prize for new models and
approaches for the study of human
proportionality, dimensionality and body
composition and for his leadership in
kinanthropometry. In 1992 Magyar
Testnevelési Egyetem (now Semmelweis
University in Hungary) awarded him an
honorary doctorate for his international
scientific leadership. Bill served ISAK as
chairman of its International Working Group
on Scholarship, Awards and Curriculum until
1999. Bill is currently the scientific director
for Rosscraft Innovations Incorporated, a
company manufacturing and marketing
instruments and teaching materials. Bill has
numerous publications including a DVD
movie on anthropometry technique which is
used in ISAK courses. Bill and his wife
Mary have dedicated their working life to
training and mentoring anthropometrists
worldwide. Bill was Deborah A. Kerr’s
master of science supervisor at Simon Fraser
University where he introduced her to
kinanthropometry—the study of human size,
shape, proportion, composition, maturation
and gross function. Bill inspired Deborah to
appreciate the history of science. She
continues to train anthropometrists as he
trained her—with rigour, fairness and an
appreciation that anthropometry is a team
sport.
Professor John
Bloomfield, Ph.D., AM
Cit. WA, Emeritus
Professor, The
University of Western
Australia.
John was the foundation
professor at Australia’s
first university-based
Department of Physical Education at UWA
and is viewed by many as the father of sports
and exercise science in Australia. He has
published over 100 peer-reviewed papers
and book chapters, has authored or
coauthored six books and has lectured and
consulted on sports science topics in over 23
countries. Together with colleagues
Professor Brian Blanksby, Professor Bruce
Elliott and Professor Timothy R. Ackland,
John was a co-chief investigator for the UWA
Growth and Development Study. John has
had a profound influence on Australian sport,
having served as president of the Australian
Sports Medicine Federation (now Sports
Medicine Australia) and chair of the
Australian Sports Commission, and was one
of the driving forces behind the establishment
of the Australian Institute of Sport. John’s
many accomplishments were recognised in
2011 when he was inducted into the Sport
Australia Hall of Fame. John was one of
Tim’s Ph.D. supervisors and career mentors,
having first inspired him through the study of
applied anatomy and sports performance at
UWA during the 1970s and 1980s.

Professor Patria A. Hume
Associate Professor Deborah A. Kerr
Professor Timothy R. Ackland
Foreword
In a world of constant scientific advancement, it is not surprising that new technolo-
gies have emerged in the field of physique assessment. Where previously only few
methods existed, new devices such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, imped-
ance technologies (bioelectrical impedance analysis, multi-frequency bioelectrical
impedance analysis, bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy), ultrasound, 3D pho-
tometry and air-displacement plethysmography (i.e. Bod Pod) are now readily
available. Practitioners, all over the world, are employing these new technologies to
measure and monitor change in body size, shape and composition for the purposes
of health management and sports performance.
Traditionally amongst sports science practitioners, surface anthropometry has
been used to assess body composition through a standardised and internationally
recognised methodology (ISAK). However, it is now common for practitioners to
incorporate additional body composition measurements using these new technolo-
gies. The accuracy and reliability of these measures are critical in a field where
tracking small changes in an athlete’s physique is important.
When athletes have their body composition measured across multiple technolo-
gies in a non-standardised manner, they often receive varying results which can be
confusing and, in some cases, distressing. Currently, no reference or model exists
for the standardisation of many of these new devices. There is often a lack of estab-
lished protocols to ensure best practice in physique assessment.
This textbook will serve as a valuable resource for practitioners as it brings
together eminent experts in the discipline who understand the importance of provid-
ing athletes with accurate, reliable and comparable body composition information
to guide their daily training regimes. The authors have produced guidelines that
represent current best practice standards for each assessment method by covering
important aspects such as subject presentation and preparation, body positioning,
equipment calibration and interpretation of results.
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