Best Practice Guide on Sampling and Monitoring Metals in Drinking Water

144 Pages·2011·4.559 MB·English

by  Adam Postawa

Best Practice Guide
on the Sampling and Monitoring
of Metals in Drinking Water
Metals and Related Substances in Drinking Water
Best Practice Guide
on the Sampling and Monitoring
of Metals in Drinking Water
Edited by
Dr Adam Postawa
AGH University, PL
Publishedby IWAPublishing
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Firstpublished2012
©2012IWAPublishing
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ISBN9781843393832(Paperback)
ISBN9781780400792(eBook)
Contents
About this Best Practice Guide .............................................. ix
Authors .................................................................... xi
Acknowledgements ........................................................ xiii
Acronyms ................................................................. xv
Definitions ............................................................... xvii
Foreword .................................................................. xix
Executive Summary ....................................................... xxi
Chapter 1
Introduction ................................................................ 1
1.1 TheScopeoftheBestPracticeGuide .......................................... 1
1.2 TheRoleofSamplingandMonitoring ........................................... 2
1.3 DrinkingWaterSafetyPlanning ................................................ 9
1.4 ThePotentialConsequencesofPoorSamplingandMonitoring .................... 10
1.5 LayoutoftheBestPracticeGuide ............................................. 10
Chapter 2
Basic principles of sampling ............................................... 13
2.1 HealthandSafety ........................................................... 13
2.2 DesignofSamplingProgrammes ............................................. 15
2.3 SamplingTechniques ........................................................ 17
2.4 SamplingEquipment ........................................................ 19
2.5 SamplePretreatmentandPreservation ........................................ 19
vi BestPracticeGuideontheSamplingandMonitoringofMetalsinDrinkingWater
Chapter 3
Quality assurance of sampling procedures ................................. 25
3.1 RoleofQualityAssurance .................................................... 25
3.2 SamplingStrategy .......................................................... 25
3.3 ValidationofSamplingProcedure ............................................. 25
3.4 QualityControlProgramme ................................................... 26
Chapter 4
Analytical methods for metals in water ..................................... 31
4.1 SelectionofanAnalyticalMethod ............................................. 31
4.2 ColorimetricMethods ........................................................ 32
4.3 ElectrochemistryMethods .................................................... 34
4.4 AtomicAbsorptionSpectroscopyMethods ...................................... 35
4.5 InductivelyCoupledPlasmaMethods(ICP) ..................................... 39
Chapter 5
Analytical quality control .................................................. 41
5.1 PerformanceCharacteristics .................................................. 41
5.2 InternalQualityControl ...................................................... 41
5.3 ExternalQualityControl ...................................................... 42
5.4 ExampleofanAnalyticalQualityControlProgram ............................... 42
Chapter 6
Monitoring metals in raw water resources .................................. 45
6.1 WhatisRawWater? ........................................................ 45
6.2 ReasonsforMonitoringRawWater ............................................ 45
6.3 TypesofSamples ........................................................... 45
6.4 SamplingLocations ......................................................... 46
6.5 SamplingFrequency ........................................................ 54
6.6 SamplingDevices ........................................................... 55
6.7 AutomaticSamplingandOnlineAnalysisSystems ............................... 59
6.8 PassiveSampling ........................................................... 59
Chapter 7
Sampling and monitoring metals in water treatment ......................... 61
7.1 MetalsSignificantforWaterTreatment ......................................... 61
7.2 ReasonsforMonitoring ...................................................... 62
7.3 MonitoringLocations ........................................................ 63
7.4 MethodsofMonitoring ....................................................... 65
7.5 InterpretationofData ........................................................ 66
Chapter 8
Monitoring metals in distribution systems .................................. 69
8.1 MetalsCausingProblemsinDistributionSystems ............................... 69
Contents vii
8.2 ReasonsforMonitoring ...................................................... 70
8.3 PlanningaSampleSurvey ................................................... 70
8.4 MonitoringLocations ........................................................ 71
8.5 MethodsofMonitoring ....................................................... 72
8.6 InterpretationofData ........................................................ 73
Chapter 9
Monitoring metals at consumers’ taps ...................................... 75
9.1 RelevanceofConsumer’sTap ................................................ 75
9.2 SamplingMethods .......................................................... 75
9.3 ZonalMonitoring ............................................................ 80
9.4 InvestigationsatIndividualProperties .......................................... 84
Chapter 10
Statistical tools for the evaluation of results ................................ 87
10.1 BasicDefinitions ........................................................... 87
10.2 SelectedParametricandNonparametricStatisticalTests ........................ 90
10.3 ConfidenceIntervalforMean ................................................ 93
10.4 CompliancewithThresholds ................................................. 94
10.5 AnovaandRobustAnova ................................................... 96
10.6 DataPresentation .......................................................... 98
Chapter 11
Developing monitoring strategies ......................................... 107
11.1 SourcetoTapOverview ................................................... 107
11.2 ReasonsforMonitoring .................................................... 107
11.3 ConsequencesofInadequateMonitoringData ................................ 110
11.4 StepstoDevelopingaSuccessfulMonitoringStrategy ......................... 110
Appendix 1 ............................................................... 111
Case studies ............................................................. 111
A1.1 Bucharest(RO) .......................................................... 111
A1.2 EnglandandWales(UK) .................................................. 113
A1.3 Krakow(PL) ............................................................. 116
A1.4 Myszkow(PL) ............................................................ 117
A1.5 TarguMures(RO) ........................................................ 118
A1.6 Timisoara(RO) ........................................................... 121
References ............................................................... 125
About this Best Practice Guide
ThisGuideisoneofaseriesproducedbytheInternationalWaterAssociation’sSpecialistGrouponMetals
andRelatedSubstancesinDrinkingWater.Itisastate-of-the-artcompilationoftherangeofscientificand
operationalissues concerned withthesamplingofmetalsindrinkingwater.Itwill beofinterest towater
utilitypractitioners,researchers,healthagenciesandpolicymakers.
The Specialist Group (and its predecessor COST Action 637) is an active research network and has
regularly convened international conferences and seminars. It has close working links with the World
Health Organization, the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, Health Canada and the US
EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.
TheGuideissupportedbyatwo-daytrainingcourseandanabbreviatedversionoftheGuideaimedat
small community water suppliers. Information about training, the guide for small community water
suppliersandtheresearchnetworkingeneralisavailablefromwww.iwahq.org
Authors
DrAdamPostawa,AGHUniversity(PL)
MariaJoãoBenoliel,EPAL(PT)
MatthewBower,DrinkingWaterQualityRegulatorforScotland(UK)
DrBrianCroll,Consultant(UK)
DrColinHayes,SwanseaUniversity(UK)
DrEddoHoekstra,JRC(EC)
DrEwaKmiecik,AGHUniversity(PL)
AndréMiranda,EPAL(PT)
JoãoMiguelPaiva,EPAL(PT)
ÁgnesSebastyén,NIEH(HU)
MarcelTielemans,Waterlaboratorium(NL)
DrGabriellaVasile,INCD-ECOIND(RO)
Acknowledgements
ThisBestPracticeGuidederivesfromtheknowledgeinitiallyassembledbytheEuropeanresearchnetwork
COSTAction637,supportedbyawiderangeofexpertsfrom26Europeancountries,theUSandCanada.
ThefundingreceivedfromCOSTovertheperiodDecember2006toNovember2010isdulyacknowledged.
ThemainobjectiveofCOSTAction637wastostimulatebettercontrolofmetalsindrinkingwaterand
tominimiseenvironmentalandhealthimpacts.TheActionaimedtocontributetotheimplementationofthe
EuropeanDrinkingWaterDirectiveandtotheEnvironmentandHealthprogrammeoftheEUCommission
andtheUN/WHOProtocolonWaterandHealth.TheJointResearchCentreoftheEuropeanCommission
provided scientific input in the COST Action but was also the link to the European Commission. COST
standsforEuropeanCooperationinScienceandTechnologyandistheoldestandwidestEuropeaninter-
governmental network for cooperation in research. COST is supported by the EU RTD Framework
programme.
SinceNovember2010,theresearchnetworkhascontinuedtobeactiveasaSpecialistGroupwithinthe
InternationalWaterAssociation.
Thanksareduetoallthewatercompanies,regulators,healthagenciesandresearchinstituteswhohave
providedaccesstodata.
SpecialwordsofgratitudeareduetoDrBrianCroll,whowastheinitialEditor.Withouthim,preparation
ofthisBestPracticeGuidewouldnothavebeenpossible.