Bensassi (eds). Aerothermodynamic Design, Review on Ground Testing and Computational Fluids Dynamics

434 Pages·60.486 MB·English

by  RTO of NATO. Chazot O., K.

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
ORGANISATION ORGANISATION

www.rto.nato.int
AC/323(AVT-186)TP/338

RTO EDUCATIONAL NOTES EN-AVT-186
Aerothermodynamic Design, Review on
Ground Testing and CFD
(Conception aérothermodynamique, revue sur les essais
au sol et dynamique des fluides informatisée)
Papers presented at the AVT-186 RTO AVT/VKI Lecture Series held at
the von Karman Institute, Rhode St. Genèse, Belgium, 29 March – 1 April 2010.

Edited by: O. Chazot, K. Bensassi
von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Belgium

Published March 2010
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Published March 2010
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ISBN 978-92-837-0121-7
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ii RTO-EN-AVT-186
Aerothermodynamic Design, Review
on Ground Testing and CFD
(RTO-EN-AVT-186)
Executive Summary
The Lecture Series focus on the presentation of ground testing methodologies and facilities as well as the
numerical tools currently involved for the design of aerospace vehicles. The course addressed four main
points: simulation methodologies and capabilities of hypervelocity facilities; their operation and main
applications for re-entry vehicle design; the measurement techniques applied for these reacting high speed
flows; and the CFD tools dedicated to the design of high enthalpy facilities and those mostly used for the
investigations of aerothermodynamic phenomena.
All the lecturers are well recognized in their field of expertise and succeed to share at best their large
experience through detailed presentations and lecture notes.
Hypersonic ground testing simulation is first presented, including real gas effect. Typical capabilities and
limitations are discussed for high enthalpy facilities. Their operations and applications are illustrated with
NASA Ames EAST and Ballistic facilities, CUBRC expansion tubes, ITAM impulse wind tunnels and
DLR HEG shock tunnel. Fast response probes and unsteady measurement techniques are exposed as well
as non-intrusive diagnostic tools, like spectroscopy from VUV to NIR, and thermal imaging. Their
contribution for aerothermodynamic database and reference test case are also reported.
The use of numerical tools is presented, in a first step, with their utilization for the design of high enthalpy
facilities and the corresponding predictions of performances. In a second step the coupling approach between
experimental and numerical investigations, typical of hypersonic research, is shown for the specific case of
HEG facility. Finally the current CFD challenges regarding aerothermodynamic simulation and validation
for planetary re-entry studies is exposed.
RTO-EN-AVT-186 ES - 1
Conception aérothermodynamique, revue sur les essais
au sol et dynamique des fluides informatisée
(Computational Fluid Dynamics – CFD)
(RTO-EN-AVT-186)
Synthèse
La série de conférences s’est focalisée sur la présentation des méthodologies et des installations d’essais au
sol ainsi que sur les outils numériques actuellement utilisés pour la conception des véhicules aérospatiaux.
La session a traité quatre principaux points : les méthodologies de simulation et les capacités des installations
d’hypervélocité ; leur fonctionnement et leurs principales applications pour la conception des véhicules de
rentrée atmosphérique ; les techniques de mesures appliquées pour ces écoulements réactifs à haute vitesse ;
et les outils de CFD prévus pour la conception d’installations à haute enthalpie et ceux utilisés fréquemment
pour l’examen des phénomènes aérothermodynamiques.
Tous les conférenciers étaient pleinement reconnus dans leur domaine d’expertise, et réussirent à faire
partager au plus haut point leur grande expérience au travers de présentations et de notes.
La première présentation a porté sur la simulation des essais hypersoniques au sol incluant l’effet réel des
gaz. Les capacités et les limitations particulières des installations à haute enthalpie ont été débattues.
Leur fonctionnement et leurs applications ont été illustrées par les installations de l’Ames EAST et
Ballistic de la NASA, les tubes d’expansion CUBRC, les souffleries à impulsions ITAM et les tubes à
choc DLR HEG. Les sondes à réponse rapide et les techniques de mesures instables ont été présentées
ainsi que les outils de diagnostic non intrusifs, comme la spectroscopie des VUV aux NIR, et l’imagerie
thermique. Leur contribution aux bases de données aérothermodynamiques et aux cas d’essais de
référence ont aussi été mentionnées.
L’utilisation des outils numériques a été exposée et concernait, dans un premier temps, la conception des
installations à haute enthalpie et les prévisions associées de performances. Dans un second temps,
l’approche conjointe des recherches expérimentales et numériques, typique de la recherche hypersonique,
a été présentée dans le cas spécifique des installations HEG. Enfin, les défis actuels de la CFD concernant
la simulation et la validation aérothermodynamique destinées à l’étude de la rentrée atmosphérique ont été
exposés.

ES - 2 RTO-EN-AVT-186
Lecture Series Programme Committee
Programme Chair

Mr. O. Chazot
Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics
Chaussée de Waterloo, 72
1640 Rhode-Saint-Genèse
Belgium
email: [e-mail]

Programme Vice-Chair

Mr. J. Muylaert
Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics
Chaussée de Waterloo, 72
1640 Rhode-Saint-Genèse
Belgium
email: [e-mail]

AVT Panel Mentor

Prof. Dr. T. Arts
Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics
Chaussée de Waterloo, 72
1640 Rhode-Saint-Genèse
Belgium
email: [e-mail]

RTO-EN-AVT-186 PC - 1
PC - 2 RTO-EN-AVT-186
PREFACE
This special course proceedings offer a review of the major investigation tools used in hypersonic
research. It aims to provide to engineers and researchers a critical view on the experimental facilities and
CFD models used in aerospace research for aerothermodynamic studies related to database issue. Their
simulation capabilities are addressed together with the range of operation in which they could be
considered. The course notes focus as well on the research axis dealing with reference test cases and
validation in hypersonic. It gives perspectives on the needs for development of experimental facilities and
flow diagnostics as well as modelling efforts.
Prof. O. Chazot & Mr. K. Bensassi
Lecture Series Directors
von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics

RTO-EN-AVT-186 P - 1
Contents.
Cover.
Executive Summary and Synthèse.
Programme Committtee.
Preface.
Ground Testing for Hypervelocity Flow, Capabilities and Limitations.Hornung, H.G.).
2. The LENS Facilities and Experimental Studies to Evaluate the Modeling of Boundary Layer
Transition, Shock/Boundary Layer Interaction, Real Gas, Radiation and Plasma Phenomena in
Contemporary CFD Codes. - (Holden, M.S.).
3. Selected Achievements and Discoveries Made in High-Enthalpy Flow Facilities. - (Hornung,
H.G.).
4. Shock Tube and Ballistic Range Facilities at NASA Ames Research Center. - (Grinstead, J.H.;
Wilder, M.C.; Reda, D.C.; Cornelison, C.J.; Cruden, B.A.; Bogdanoff, D.W.).
5. Experimental Studies of Radiation and Plasma Effects behind the Incident Shock in LENS XX,
and the Unsteady Flow Characteristics Associated with “Free Flight” Shroud and Stage Separation
and Mode Switching in LENS II. - (Holden, M.S.).
6. Advanced Spectroscopic and Thermal Imaging Instrumentation for Shock Tube and Ballistic
Range Facilities. - (Grinstead, J.H.; Wilder, M.C.; Reda, D.C.; Cruden, B.A.; Bogdanoff, D.W.).
7. Measurement Techniques for Flow Diagnostic in ITAM Impulse and Wind Tunnels. -
(Kharitonov, A.M.).
8. A Closely Coupled Experimental and Numerical Approach for Hypersonic and High Enthalpy
Flow Investigations Utilising the HEG Shock Tunnel and the DLR TAU Code. - (Hannemann, K.;
Martinez Schramm, J.; Wagner, A.; Karl, S.; Hannemann, V. ).
9. CFD Tools for Design and Simulation of Transient Flows in Hypersonic Facilities. - (Jacobs,
P.A.; Gollan, R.J.; Potter, D.F.; Gildfind, D.E.; Eichmann, T.N.; O’Flaherty, B.F.; Buttsworth, D.R.).
10. Modeling of High-Velocity Flows in ITAM Impulse Facilities. - (Kharitonov, A.M.).
11. Challenges to Computational Aerothermodynamic Simulation and Validation for Planetary
Entry Vehicle Analysis. - (Gnoffo, P.A.; Johnston, C.O.; Kleb, B.).
Ground Testing for Hypervelocity Flow, Capabilities

and Limitations

Hans G. Hornung
Graduate Aerospace Laboratories
California Institute of Technology
March 29, 2010
Contents
1 Introduction 3
2 Requirements for Ground Simulation 5
2.1 Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.2 Blunt Body Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3 Hypervelocity Simulation Facilities 9
3.1 Reflected-Shock Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.1 Configuration and Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.2 Driver-Gas Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.1.3 Reservoir Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.1.4 Nozzle-Flow Freezing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 Expansion Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2.1 Configuration and Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2.2 Effective Reservoir State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.2.3 Free Stream Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3 Other Types of Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4 Limitations of the Main Facility Types 19
4.1 Reflected Shock Tunnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.1.1 Free-Stream Freezing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.1.2 Nozzle-Throat Melting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.1.3 Driver-Gas Contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1.4 Strength, Scale Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.1.5 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.1.6 Noise Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2 Expansion Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
RTO-EN-AVT-186 1 - 1
Ground Testing for Hypervelocity Flow, Capabilities and Limitations
CONTENTS CONTENTS
5 Concluding Remarks 24
1 - 2 RTO-EN-AVT-186