Below-ground interactions in tropical agroecosystems: concepts and models with multiple plant components

447 Pages·2004·3.738 MB·English

by  Noordwijk, M. van, Cadisch, G., Ong, C. K. (Eds.)

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Below-ground Interactions in Tropical
Agroecosystems
Concepts and Models with Multiple Plant Components
Below-ground - Chap 00 - Prelim 21/4/04 10:14 Page iii
Below-ground Interactions in Tropical
Agroecosystems
Concepts and Models with Multiple Plant
Components
Edited by
M. van Noordwijk
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) SE Asia,
Bogor, Indonesia
G. Cadisch
Department of Agricultural Sciences,
Imperial College London, Wye, UK
and
C.K. Ong
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) East and Central Africa,
Nairobi, Kenya
CABI Publishing
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CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library,
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Below-ground interactions in tropical agroecosystems : concepts and
models with multiple plant components / edited by M. van Noordwijk, G.
Cadisch, and C. Ong.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ).
ISBN 0-85199-673-6 (alk. paper)
1. Plant-soil relationships--Tropics. 2. Agricultural
ecology--Tropics. I. Noordwijk, Meine van. II. Cadisch, G. (Georg)III.
Ong, C. K. IV. Title.
S596.7.B46 2004
631.4--dc22
2003017139
ISBN 0 85199 673 6
Typeset in 9pt Meridien by Columns Design Ltd, Reading
Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn
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Contents
Contributors ix
Foreword D.P. Garrity xiii
Editors’ Introduction xv
Acknowledgements xxi
1 Ecological Interactions in Multispecies Agroecosystems: Concepts
and Rules 1
C.K. Ong, R.M. Kho and S. Radersma
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Separating positive and negative interactions 4
1.3 Assessing plant–environment–plant interactions 4
1.4 A framework for a predictive understanding of multispecies systems 10
1.5 Conclusions 14
2 Locally Derived Knowledge of Soil Fertility and Its Emerging Role in
Integrated Natural Resource Management 17
L. Joshi, P.K. Shrestha, C. Moss and F.L. Sinclair
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Local knowledge 18
2.3 Soil classification 21
2.4 Soil fertility 24
2.5 Below-ground interactions 31
2.6 Implications 34
2.7 Building on local practice 35
2.8 Recognizing the sophistication of local knowledge 36
2.9 Realizing the limits of local knowledge 36
2.10 Communication and empowerment 37
3 Models of Below-ground Interactions: Their Validity, Applicability
and Beneficiaries 41
R. Matthews, M. van Noordwijk, A.J. Gijsman and G. Cadisch
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Models incorporating below-ground interactions 42
3.3 Validity, reliability and applicability 47
v
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vi Contents
3.4 Beneficiaries and target groups 51
3.5 Relevance to larger systems 57
4 Tree Root Architecture 61
F.K. Akinnifesi, E.C. Rowe, S.J. Livesley, F.R. Kwesiga, B. Vanlauwe and J.C. Alegre
4.1 Introduction 61
4.2 Root distributions 62
4.3 Simple indicators of root distributions 69
4.4 Tree root ideotype and response to management practices 73
4.5 Conclusions 80
5 Crop and Tree Root-system Dynamics 83
M. van Noordwijk, S. Rahayu, S.E. Williams, K. Hairiah, N. Khasanah and G. Schroth
5.1 Introduction 83
5.2 Root growth, functional shoot–root equilibrium and local response 86
5.3 Problems and opportunities for measuring root dynamics 91
5.4 Empirical data on root growth and decay 97
5.5 Model representations of root dynamics 101
5.6 Management implications 105
5.7 Research issues and priorities 106
6 Opportunities for Capture of Deep Soil Nutrients 109
R.J. Buresh, E.C. Rowe, S.J. Livesley, G. Cadisch and P. Mafongoya
6.1 Introduction 109
6.2 Mechanisms for nutrient occurrence in deep soil 110
6.3 Utilization of deep soil nutrients by plants 112
6.4 Quantification of deep nutrient uptake 115
6.5 Achieving more efficient use of deep soil nutrients 119
6.6 Preventing the accumulation of mobile nutrients in deep soil 123
6.7 Conclusions 123
7 Phosphorus Dynamics and Mobilization by Plants 127
P.F. Grierson, P. Smithson, G. Nziguheba, S. Radersma and N.B. Comerford
7.1 Introduction 127
7.2 Phosphorus forms and fluxes: understanding what we measure 128
7.3 P mobilization and acquisition by plants 135
7.4 Modelling P bioavailability and uptake in agroforestry systems 140
8 Managing Soil Acidity and Aluminium Toxicity in Tree-based
Agroecosystems 143
M.T.F. Wong, K. Hairiah and J. Alegre
8.1 Introduction 143
8.2 Identifying the causes of acidity in low-input tropical agroecosystems 144
8.3 Transfer of organic alkalinity in agroecosystems 149
8.4 How do we implement this knowledge to manage acidity? 155
9 Uptake, Partitioning and Redistribution of Water by Roots in
Mixed-species Agroecosystems 157
M. Smith, S.S.O. Burgess, D. Suprayogo, B. Lusiana and Widianto
9.1 Introduction 157
9.2 Competition and complementarity for water use in mixed-species systems 158
9.3 Partitioning of water by plant root systems: theory 160
9.4 Measurement of water uptake and bidirectional flow 162
9.5 Control of water partitioning 164
9.6 Modelling of water uptake in mixed agroecosystems 167
9.7 Summary and conclusions 169
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Contents vii
10Catching and Competing for Mobile Nutrients in Soils 171
G. Cadisch, P. de Willigen, D. Suprayogo, D.C. Mobbs, M. van Noordwijk and E.C. Rowe
10.1 Introduction 171
10.2 Nutrient mobility in soil solutions 172
10.3 Catching nutrients in single-species stands 179
10.4 Competing for nutrients in soil solution 181
10.5 Conclusions 189
11Below-ground Inputs: Relationships with Soil Quality, Soil C Storage
and Soil Structure 193
A. Albrecht, G. Cadisch, E. Blanchart, S.M. Sitompul and B. Vanlauwe
11.1 Introduction 193
11.2 Magnitude of below- versus above-ground plant imputs 193
11.3 C storage dynamics and determinants 195
11.4 How can SOC stocks be increased by below-ground inputs and activities? 198
11.5 Effects of SOC increases on different soil properties 200
11.6 Impacts of SOC increases on plant productivity 203
12Soil–Atmosphere Gas Exchange in Tropical Agriculture: Contributions
to Climate Change 209
L.V. Verchot, A. Mosier, E.M. Baggs and C. Palm
12.1 Introduction 209
12.2 Greenhouse gases 209
12.3 Trace gases and land use 213
12.4 Conclusion 224
13Benefiting from N -Fixation and Managing Rhizobia 227
2
P.L. Mafongoya, K.E. Giller, D. Odee, S. Gathumbi, S.K. Ndufa and S.M. Sitompul
13.1 Introduction 227
13.2 Nodulation and N -fixation in the Leguminosaefamily 228
2
13.3 Rhizobial classification 229
13.4 Quantification of N fixed by different legumes 230
2
13.5 Managing environmental constraints to increase N -fixation 233
2
13.6 The need to inoculate with rhizobia 235
13.7 Fate of fixed nitrogen 238
13.8 Conclusions 241
14Managing Mycorrhiza in Tropical Multispecies Agroecosystems 243
T.W. Kuyper, I.M. Cardoso, N.A. Onguene, Murniati and M. van Noordwijk
14.1 Introduction 243
14.2 Arbuscular mycorrhiza 248
14.3 Mycorrhizal functioning in (multispecies) agroecosystems 251
14.4 The importance of the mycorrhizal network 252
14.5 Benefits of a perennial mycorrhizal system in multispecies agroecosystems 253
14.6 Mycorrhizas in models of nutrient uptake 255
14.7 Managing arbuscular mycorrhizal associations 258
15Nematodes and Other Soilborne Pathogens in Agroforestry 263
J. Desaeger, M.R. Rao and J. Bridge
15.1 Introduction 263
15.2 Factors contributing to soilborne pests and diseases 266
15.3 Strategies for the management of soil pests based on general sanitation 274
15.4 The avoidance approach to the management of soil pests 276
15.5 The confrontational approach to the management of soil pests 279
15.6 Conclusions 282
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viii Contents
16Soil Biodiversity and Food Webs 285
F.X. Susilo, A.M. Neutel, M. van Noordwijk, K. Hairiah, G. Brown and M.J. Swift
16.1 Introduction 285
16.2 Effects of land-use (change) on soil biota 290
16.3 Functions of soil biota in ecosystems 293
16.4 Food-web theory and below-ground biodiversity 296
16.5 Farmers and below-ground biodiversity: many questions remain 302
17Managing Below-ground Interactions in Agroecosystems 309
M.R. Rao, G. Schroth, S.E. Williams, S. Namirembe, M. Schaller and J. Wilson
17.1 Introduction 309
17.2 When and where are BGI important? 310
17.3 Scope and options for managing below-ground processes 312
17.4 Conclusions 327
18Managing Movements of Water, Solutes and Soil: from Plot to
Landscape Scale 329
S.B.L. Ranieri, R. Stirzaker, D. Suprayogo, E. Purwanto, P. de Willigen and M. van Noordwijk
18.1 Introduction 329
18.2 Understanding the water balance as the basis for lateral flows 331
18.3 Trees, groundwater and salt movement 333
18.4 Consequences of subsurface flows for nutrient transport 336
18.5 Soil cover, runoff and its consequences for sediment transport 338
18.6 Discussion: scaling-up the effects of land-use change on river flow 344
19Soil and Water Movement: Combining Local Ecological Knowledge with
that of Modellers when Scaling up from Plot to Landscape Level 349
L. Joshi, W. Schalenbourg, L. Johansson, N. Khasanah, E. Stefanus, M.H. Fagerström
and M. van Noordwijk
19.1 Introduction 349
19.2 Myths, misunderstandings and analytical frameworks 350
19.3 Case study 1: Sumberjaya, West Lampung, Sumatra (Indonesia) 352
19.4 Case study 2: Dong Cao catchment, Vietnam 355
19.5 Science-based models of watershed functions 357
19.6 Soil erosion – farmer perception versus simulation modelling 358
19.7 The gap between knowledge and practice 361
19.8 Discussion 362
20Challenges for the Next Decade of Research on Below-ground
Interactions in Tropical Agroecosystems: Client-driven Solutions at
Landscape Scale 365
M. van Noordwijk, G. Cadisch and C.K. Ong
20.1 Introduction 365
20.2 Example 1. Lake Victoria basin 366
20.3 Example 2. Sumberjaya benchmark for watershed function conflicts 370
20.4 Example 3. Alternatives to slash-and-burn in the western Amazon basin 372
20.5 In praise of complexity? 374
20.6. Challenges for the future 378
References 381
Index 429
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Contributors
Albrecht, A., IRD c/o World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) East and Central Africa, PO Box
30677, Nairobi, Kenya.
Alegre, J., World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Latin America, Av. La Universidad 795, La
Molina, Apartado 1558, Lima, Peru.
Akinnifesi, F.K., World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southern Africa, SADC-ICRAF
Agroforestry Project, Makoka Agricultural Research Station, Zomba.
Baggs, E.M., Department of Agricultural Sciences, Imperial College London, Wye Campus,
Wye, Kent TN25 5AH, UK.
Blanchart, E., IRD, Montpellier, France.
Bridge, J., CABI Bioscience UK Centre, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9TY, UK.
Brown, G., Embrapa Soja, C.P. 231, Londrina-PR, 86001–970, Brazil.
Buresh, R.J., IRRI, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, The Philippines.
Burgess, S.S.O., Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA
94720, USA.
Cadisch, G., Department of Agricultural Sciences, Imperial College London, Wye Campus,
Wye, Kent TN25 5AH, UK.
Cardoso, I.M., Department of Soil Sciences and Plant Nutrition, Federal University of
Vitosa, Vitosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Comerford, N.B., Department of Soil and Water Science, University of Florida, Gainsville,
Florida, USA.
Desaeger, J., Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Georgia Coastal Plant
Experiment Station, Tifton, GA 31793-0748, USA.
de Willigen, P., Alterra, Green World Research, Postbus 47, 6700AA Wageningen, The
Netherlands.
Fagerström, M.H., World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) SE Asia, PO Box 161, Bogor 16001,
Indonesia.
Gathumbi, S., MacArthus Agro-Ecology Research Centre, 300 Buck Island Ranch Road,
Lake Placid, FL 33852, USA.
Gijsman, A.J., CIAT, Apartado A, reo 6713, Cali, Colombia.
Giller, K.E., Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK,
Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Grierson, P.F., Ecosystems Research Group, School of Plant Biology (Botany), The
University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
ix
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x Contributors
Hairiah, K., Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, JI. Veteran, Malang 65145,
Indonesia.
Johansson, L., Rackarbergsgatan 100/350752 32, Uppsala, Sweden.
Joshi, L., World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) SE Asia, PO Box 161, Bogor 16001, Indonesia.
Khasanah, N., World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) SE Asia, PO Box 161, Bogor 16001,
Indonesia.
Kho, R.M., Kamerlingh Onnesstraat 15, 6533 HK, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Kuyper, T.W., Subdepartment of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, PO Box 8005,
6700EC Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Kwesiga, F.R., World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southern Africa, PO Box 128, Mount
Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Livesley, S.J., Ecosystems Research Group, Botany Department, The University of Western
Australia, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia.
Lusiana B., World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) SE Asia, PO Box 161, Bogor 16001,
Indonesia.
Mafongoya, P.L., World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southern Africa, PO Box 510089,
Chiputa, Zambia.
Matthews, R., Institute of Water and Environment, Cranfield University, Silsoe,
Bedfordshire MK45 4DT, UK.
Mobbs, D.C., Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK.
Mosier, A., USDA Agricultural Research Service, Soil Plant Nutrient Research, 301 S.
Howes, Rm 420, PO Box E, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA.
Moss, C., School of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd
LL57 2UW, UK.
Murniati, Forest and Nature Conservation Research and Development Centre, Jalan
Gunung Batu 5, PO Box 165, Bogor, Indonesia.
Namirembe, S., Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, PO Box 7062, Kampala,
Uganda.
Neutel, A.M., Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Ndufa, S.K., Kenyan Forestry Research Instiute (KEFRI), Regional Research Centre Maseno,
PO Box 25199, Kisumu, Kenya.
Nziguheba, G., Laboratory of Soil Biology and Fertility, Catholic University of Leuven,
Kasteelpark, Arenberg 20, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
Odee, D., Kenyan Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), Regional Research Centre Maseno,
PO Box 25199, Kisumu, Kenya.
Ong, C.K., IRD c/o World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) East and Central Africa, PO Box
30677, Nairobi, Kenya.
Onguene, N.A., Institute for Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), PO Box 2123,
Yaound, Cameroon.
Palm, C., Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Programme, Unesco-Rosta, UN Complex-Gigir,
PO Box 30592, Nairobi, Kenya.
Purwanto, E., Forestry Education and Training Centre, JI. Gunung Batu, Bogor, Indonesia.
Radersma, S., International Centre for Agroforestry, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya.
Rahayu, S., World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) SE Asia, PO Box 161, Bogor 16001,
Indonesia.
Ranieri, S.B.L., World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) SE Asia, PO Box 161, Bogor 16001,
Indonesia.
Rao, M.R.111 ICRISAT Colony Phase-I, Akbar Road, Secunderabad-500 009, AP., India.
Rowe, E.C., Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, 6700 AK,
Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Schalenbourg, W., c/o World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) SE Asia, PO Box 161, Bogor,
Indonesia.