Table Of ContentSTUDIES OF THE AMERICAS
edited by
Maxine Molyneux
Institute for the Study of the Americas
University of London
School of Advanced Study
Titles in this series are multidisciplinary studies of aspects of the societies of the hemi-
sphere, particularly in the areas of politics, economics, history, anthropology, sociology,
and the environment. The series covers a comparative perspective across the Americas,
including Canada and the Caribbean as well as the United States and Latin America.
Titles in this series published by Palgrave Macmillan:
Cuba’s Military 1990–2005: Revolutionary Soldiers during Counter-Revolutionary
Times
By Hal Klepak
The Judicialization of Politics in Latin America
Edited by Rachel Sieder, Line Schjolden, and Alan Angell
Latin America: A New Interpretation
By Laurence Whitehead
Appropriation as Practice: Art and Identity in Argentina
By Arnd Schneider
America and Enlightenment Constitutionalism
Edited by Gary L. McDowell and Johnathan O’Neill
Vargas and Brazil: New Perspectives
Edited by Jens R. Hentschke
When Was Latin America Modern?
Edited by Nicola Miller and Stephen Hart
Debating Cuban Exceptionalism
Edited by Bert Hoffman and Laurence Whitehead
Caribbean Land and Development Revisited
Edited by Jean Besson and Janet Momsen
Cultures of the Lusophone Black Atlantic
Edited by Nancy Priscilla Naro, Roger Sansi-Roca and David H. Treece
Democratization, Development, and Legality: Chile, 1831–1973
By Julio Faundez
The Hispanic World and American Intellectual Life, 1820–1880
By Iván Jaksic´
The Role of Mexico’s Plural in Latin American Literary and Political Culture:
From Tlatelolco to the “Philanthropic Ogre”
By John King
Faith and Impiety in Revolutionary Mexico
Edited by Matthew Butler
Reinventing Modernity in Latin America: Intellectuals Imagine the Future, 1900–1930
By Nicola Miller
The Republican Party and Immigration Politics: From Proposition 187 to George W. Bush
By Andrew Wroe
The Political Economy of Hemispheric Integration: Responding to Globalization in
the Americas
Edited by Diego Sánchez-Ancochea and Kenneth C. Shadlen
Ronald Reagan and the 1980s: Perceptions, Policies, Legacies
Edited by Cheryl Hudson and Gareth Davies
Wellbeing and Development in Peru: Global and Local Views Confronted
Edited by James Copestake
The Federal Nation: Perspectives on American Federalism
Edited by Iwan W. Morgan and Philip J. Davies
Base Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, 1940–1967
By Steven High
Beyond Neoliberalism in Latin America?: Societies and Politics at the Crossroads
Edited by John Burdick, Philip Oxhorn, and Kenneth M. Roberts
Visual Synergies in Fiction and Documentary Film from Latin America
Edited by Miriam Haddu and Joanna Page
Cuban Medical Internationalism: Origins, Evolution and Goals
By John M. Kirk and H. Michael Erisman
Governance after Neoliberalism in Latin America
Edited by Jean Grugel and Pia Riggirozzi
Modern Poetics and Hemispheric American Cultural Studies
By Justin Read
Youth Violence in Latin America: Gangs and Juvenile Justice in Perspective
Edited by Gareth A. Jones and Dennis Rodgers
The Origins of Mercosur
By Gian Luca Gardini
Belize’s Independence and Decolonization in Latin America: Guatemala, Britain,
and the UN
By Assad Shoman
Belize’s Independence and Decolonization in Latin America
PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED WORKS BY ASSAD SHOMAN
Land in Belize, 1765–1871 (with Nigel Bolland), 1977
Party Politics in Belize, 1950–1986, 1987
Thirteen Chapters of a History of Belize, 1994
Backtalking Belize, 1995
Belize’s Independence and
Decolonization in Latin America
Guatemala, Britain, and the UN
Assad Shoman
BELIZE’S INDEPENDENCE AND DECOLONIZATION IN LATIN AMERICA
Copyright © Assad Shoman, 2010.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2010 978-0-230-62066-7
All rights reserved.
First published in 2010 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN®
in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world,
this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills,
Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies
and has companies and representatives throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN 978-1-349-38293-4 ISBN 978-0-230-10648-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230106482
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Shoman, Assad.
Belize’s independence & decolonization in Latin America : Guatemala,
Britain, and the UN / by Assad Shoman.
p. cm. — (Studies of the Americas)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-349-38293-4 (alk. paper)
1. Belize—History—Autonomy and independence movements.
2. Decolonization—Belize—History. 3. Globalization—Belize—
History—20th century. 4. Belize—Foreign relations—Guatemala.
5. Belize—Foreign relations—Great Britain. 6. United Nations—
History—20th century. 7. Guatemala—Foreign relations—Belize.
8. Great Britain—Foreign relations—Belize. I. Title. II. Title: Belize’s
independence and decolonization in Latin America.
F1446.3.S56 2010
972.82—dc22 2009039966
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library.
Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India.
First edition: April 2010
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
List of Table and Maps ix
Foreword by Victor Bulmer-Thomas xi
Preface xv
Note on Sources xix
List of Abbreviations xxi
1 Introduction: Decolonization by Internationalization 1
2 The Guatemalan Claim and Decolonization 23
3 Negotiation and Mediation (1962–1972) 49
4 Heavy Lobbying, Hard Bargaining (1938–1975) 77
5 Internationalization Emergent (1975) 101
6 Internationalization Ascendant (1976–1977) 121
7 Internationalization Triumphant (1978–1981) 149
8 Conclusions: The Power of the Conjuncture 187
Appendix 199
Notes 203
Select Bibliography 237
Index 243
This page intentionally left blank
Table and Maps
Table
Population of Belize, 1790–1980. 199
Maps
1. Map showing the areas defined by border treaties
affecting Belize. 200
2. Map showing Guatemalan demands during 1975–1981
negotiations. 201
3. Map Showing main UK and U.S. proposals during
1975–1981 negotiations. 202
