Table Of ContentBELFAST: APPROACH TO CRISIS
Also by Ian Budge
Scottish Political Behaviour (with D. W. Urwin)
Agreement and the Stability of Democracy
Political Stratification and Democracy (with
J. A. Brand, Michael Margolis and
A. L. M. Smith)
Also by Cornelius 0' Leary
The Irish Republic and its Experiment with
Proportional Representation
The Elimination of Corrupt Practices in British
Elections I 868-I g I I
Belfast:
Approach to Crisis
A STUDY OF BELFAST POLITICS
1613-1970
IAN BUDGE
Reader, Department of Government
University of Essex
CORNELIUS O'LEARY
Reader, Department of Political Science
The Queen's University of Belfast
Palgrave Macmillan
© Ian Budge and Cornelius O'Leary 973
I
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1973 978-0-333-01708-1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form
or by any means, without permission.
First published 1973 by
THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
London and Basingstoke
Associated companies in New York Toronto
Dublin Melbourne Johannesburg and Madras
ISBN 978-1-349-00128-6 ISBN 978-1-349-00126-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-00126-2
Library of Congress catalog card no. 72-85194
Contents
~ifru~ ~
Introduction x1
Map of Belfast xxu
I The Early Years: I6I3-I832 I
2 The Age of john Bates: I832-55 4I
3 The Age of Riots: I855-74 73
4 The Age of Consolidation: I874-I920 IOI
5 I920 and After I36
6 Local Elections and Party Competition: I897-I967 I73
7 Party Images and Voting Choice: I g66 I 99
8 Class and Religion in Belfast 228
9 Influences on General Political Attitudes: Class,
Religion, Party and Activism 249
10 Recruitment of Activists 264
I I Representation 284
I2 Political Communication 3I9
I3 Support for Established Institutions, Cross-cutting
and the Reactions of Political Moderates 355
I4 Conclusions 372
Appendix A: Survey Method 380
Index 39I
List of Tables
I. I Numbers of Linen and Cotton Looms in Belfast I 76o-
I8IO
I. 2 Population of Belfast Borough I 8o I-I 96 I
I ·3 Comparative Population Growth
I ·4 Area within Belfast Municipal Boundaries: At Dates of
Major Expansions I6I3-I966
I ·5 Birthplaces of Belfast Population I84I-I96I
I .6 Roman Catholics in the Belfast Population: Various
Dates I659-I96I
3.I Religious Riots in Belfast I8I3-I9I2
5.I Distribution of Seats between New Wards for the Belfast
Municipal Election I920 (P.R.)
5.2 Distribution of First Preference Votes and of Seats Won
for the Belfast Municipal Election I920 (P.R.)
6. I Proportion of Adults Enfranchised in Belfast and Com
parable British Cities I90I-66
6.2 Belfast Local Electors and Non-Electors Compared on
Background Characteristics
6.3 Belfast Local Electors and Non-electors Compared on
Reactions to Current Issues and Perception of Most
Important Problem Facing Belfast Corporation
6.4 Participation in Belfast Municipal Elections I897-I967
6.5 Average Participation in Municipal Elections in Belfast
and Comparable British Cities, for the Pre-war, Inter
war and Post-war Periods
6.6 Mutually Independent Effects of Franchise Restrictions,
Numbers of Seats Contested, and Voluntary Turnout,
on Percentage of Adults Voting in Belfast Municipal
Elections I897-I967
6. 7 Council Seats Gained by Local Parties in Belfast I 897-
I967
6.8 Percentage of Votes Cast for Local Parties in Belfast
I897-I967
7. I Belfast Residents: Likes and Dislikes about Parties
Belfast: Approach to Crisis
Vlll
7.2 Belfast Residents: Images of the Local Parties
7 ·3 Party Identifications of Belfast Residents I g66
7·4 Belfast Residents: Party Identification in Ig66 and Local
Election Vote I g64
7·5 Belfast Residents: Voting in the Stormont and Local
Elections
7.6 Belfast Residents: Class and Party Identification
7. 7 Belfast Residents: Class and Religious Influences on
Party Identification for Men and Women
7.8 Belfast Residents: Class and Religious Influences on
Party Identification within Each Age Group
7 .g Belfast Residents: Relationship between Various Com
bined Class Characteristics and Support of the Unionist
Party
7. I o Belfast Residents: Religious Affiliations, Church Atten
dance and Party Identification
7.I I Belfast Residents: Effects of Class and Religion upon
Unionist Support
7. I 2 Belfast Residents and Councillors: Perceptions of Class
Voting
7. 3 Belfast Residents and Councillors: Perceptions of Reli
I
gious Voting
8.I Distribution of the Work Force over Occupational
Classes in Glasgow and Belfast in I g66
8.2 Belfast Councillors: Distribution of Occupations by
Party Identification
8.3 Belfast Residents: Occupation and Length of Education
8.4 Belfast Councillors: Occupation and Length of Educa
tion
8.5 Belfast Residents and Councillors: Occupation and
Trade Union/Professional Organisations
8.6 Belfast Residents and Councillors: Self-perceived Class
8. 7 Belfast Residents and Councillors: Occupation and Self
perceived Class
8.8 Descriptions of People in the Middle and Working Class,
by Various Subjective Class Groups of Councillors and
Residents in Glasgow and Belfast
8.g Religious Identification of Belfast Councillors and
Residents
g. Belfast Residents and Councillors: Religious Affiliation
I
List of Tables
lX
and Preferences on the Integration of Catholics and
Protestants on Corporation Housing Estates
g.2 Belfast Residents and Councillors: Religious Affiliation
and Choices between Religious and Class Affiliations
9·3 Comparison of the Effects of Class, Religion, Party and
Activism over Political Attitudes in Belfast and Glasgow
IO.I Reasons Given by Belfast Councillors for First Becoming
Active in Politics
I0.2 Reasons Given by Belfast Councillors for First Standing
for Council
I0.3 Reasons Given by Belfast Councillors for Continuing to
Stand for Re-election to the Council
10.4 Single Effect Parameters for the Influence of Each
Background Characteristic on the Distinction between
Councillors and Residents in Belfast
I0.5 Mutually Independent Effects of Each Background
Characteristic on the Distinction between Councillors
and Residents
Io.6 Mutually Independent Effects ofOccupational and Other
Factors on the Distinction between Councillors and
Residents among Unionists and Non-Unionists
I I. I Responsibilities of Belfast Councillors as Perceived by
Residents and Councillors
I I .2 Perceived Responsibilities of Belfast Councillors as
Divided between Ward Roles, City Roles and Two
Types of Mixed Role
I I ·3 Preferences on Four Current Issues Expressed by Belfast
Residents and Councillors
I I ·4 Correspondence of Councillors' and Ward Residents'
Preferences on Five Current Issues
I I ·5 Correspondence of Councillors' and Ward Residents'
Preferences on Five Current Issues by Councillor Role
I I .6 Correspondence of Councillors' own Preferences and
their Appraisals of their Ward Residents' Preferences on
Four Current Issues
I I. 7 Accuracy of Councillors' Appraisals of Ward Residents'
Preferences on Four Current Issues
I I .8 Unionist Councillors: Appraisals of Constituents' Prefer
ences over Current Issues, by own Preferences
I I .g Belfast Residents' Perceptions of Northern Ireland
Labour Party Position on Four Current Issues
x Belfast: Approach to Crisis
I I. 10 Belfast Residents' Perceptions of the Unionist Position on
Four Current Issues
I I. I I Belfast Residents' Perceptions of the Nationalist Position
on Four Current Issues
I I. I 2 Correspondence of Councillors' and Ward Residents'
Preferences on Five Current Issues, by Party and Com
petition within the Ward
I I. I 3 Accuracy of Councillors' Appraisals of Ward Residents'
Preferences on Four Current Issues, by Party and
Competition within the Ward
I I.I4 Correspondence of Councillors' and Ward Residents'
Preferences on Five Current Issues in High and Low
Turnout Wards
I2.I How Belfast Residents and Councillors Heard about
Four Current Issues
I2.2 How Belfast Residents Would Find Out More about
Issues, as a Whole and by Party Groups
I2.3 How Belfast Councillors Would Find Out about
Constituents' Opinions
I2-4 Belfast Residents: Best sources of Political Information
I2.5 Belfast Residents: Quantity of Political Information
Available from the Mass Media
I 2.6 Parts of Newspapers Read First by Belfast Residents
I 2. 7 Belfast Residents: Quality of Political Information
Available from the Mass Media
I2.8 Preferences of Belfast Municipal Correspondents over
Five Current Issues
I2.g Belfast Municipal Correspondents' Appraisals of Opinion
over Four Current Issues
I2.IO Methods used by Glasgow and Belfast Correspondents to
Discover Popular Opinion, on Four Current Issues
I2.I I Belfast Councillors' Appraisals of Means and Obstacles
to Bringing Issues to General Attention
I2.I2 Belfast Councillors' Appraisals of Means and Obstacles
to Keeping Issues from General Attention
I 3. I Belfast Unionist Councillors and Residents adopting
Conciliatory Preference on Politico-Religious Issues:
Cross-cutting on Issue Preferences
A. I Comparison of Sample and Population Percentages,
Various Characteristics
