Table Of ContentBEHAVIOUR OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
IN DIFFERENT MEDIA AND
STRUCTURES
Edited by Ali Akdagli
Behaviour of Electromagnetic Waves in Different Media and Structures
Edited by Ali Akdagli
Published by InTech
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Copyright © 2011 InTech
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Behaviour of Electromagnetic Waves in Different Media and Structures,
Edited by Ali Akdagli
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-302-6
Contents
Preface IX
Chapter 1 Electric and Magnetic Characterization of Materials 1
Leonardo Sandrolini, Ugo Reggiani and Marcello Artioli
Chapter 2 Features of Electromagnetic Waves Scattering by
Surface Fractal Structures 17
O. Yu. Semchuk and M. Willander
Chapter 3 Electromagnetic Wave Scattering from Material Objects
Using Hybrid Methods 27
Adam Kusiek, Rafal Lech and Jerzy Mazur
Chapter 4 The Eigen Theory of Electromagnetic Waves
in Complex Media 53
Shaohua Guo
Chapter 5 Electromagnetic Waves in Cavity Design 77
Hyoung Suk Kim
Chapter 6 Wide-band Rock and Ore Samples
Complex Permittivity Measurement 101
Sixin Liu, Junjun Wu, Lili Zhang and Hang Dong
Chapter 7 Detection of Delamination in Wall Paintings
by Ground Penetrating Radar 121
Wanfu Wang
Chapter 8 Interaction of Electromagnetic
Radiation with Substance 141
Andrey N. Volobuev
Chapter 9 Ultrafast Electromagnetic Waves
Emitted from Semiconductor 161
YiMing Zhu and SongLin Zhuang
VI Contents
Chapter 10 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
in Ionospheric Plasma 189
Ali Yeşil and İbrahim Ünal
Chapter 11 Exposing to EMF 213
Mahmoud Moghavvemi, Farhang Alijani, Hossein Ameri Mahabadi
and Maryam Ashayer Soltani
Chapter 12 Low Frequency Electromagnetic Waves Observation
During Magnetotail Reconnection Event 237
X. H. Wei, J. B. Cao and G. C. Zhou
Chapter 13 Solitary Electromagnetic Waves
Generated by the Switching Mode Circuit 249
Hirokazu Tohya and Noritaka Toya
Chapter 14 Effect of Magnetic Field on Nonlinear Absorption
of a Strong Electromagnetic Wave
in Low-dimensional Systems 275
Nguyen Quang Bau, Le Thai Hung and Hoang Dinh Trien
Chapter 15 Chiral Transverse Electromagnetic Standing Waves with
EH in the Dirac Equation and the Spectra
of the Hydrogen Atom 301
H. Torres-Silva
Chapter 16 Electromagnetic Response of Extraordinary Transmission
Plates Inspired on Babinet’s Principle 325
Miguel Navarro-Cía, Miguel Beruete and Mario Sorolla
Chapter 17 The Influence of Vacuum Electromagnetic
Fluctuations on the motion of Charged Particles 353
Guozhong Wang
Chapter 18 Observation of Cavity Interface and Mechanical Stress in
Opaque Material by THz Wave 383
Tsuguhiro Takahashi
Chapter 19 Reciprocity in Nonlocal Optics and Spectroscopy 399
Huai-Yi Xie
Chapter 20 Focused Arrays Beamforming 419
Oleksandr Mazurenko and Yevhenii Yakornov
Preface
Lately, there has been a growing interest in electromagnetic wave propagation in
complex systems such as modern materials and structures. This book is intended to
give the explanatory 20 chapters which consist of original works of the leading scien-
tists in the field of wave propagation which produced theoretical and experimental
methods in this field of research and obtained important results.
In chapter 1, the possible procedures for the extraction of electric and magnetic para-
meters of dispersive materials were outlined, and it was shown that the complex rela-
tive permittivity and magnetic permeability can be modeled with either dispersive
laws or on a point-by-point basis (at individual frequencies).
In the frame of the Kirchhoff method, the average coefficient of light scattering by sur-
face fractal structures was calculated in chapter 2. A normalized band-limited Weier-
strass function was presented for modeling 2D fractal rough surfaces. On the basis of
numerical calculation of average scattering coefficient the scattering indicatrises dia-
grams for various surfaces and falling angles were calculated.
As it is well known the method of moments and finite difference method are widely
used as electromagnetic numerical techniques. In the chapter 3, depending on the in-
vestigated post geometry, a hybrid method which utilities mode-matching technique,
method of moments and finite difference method defined in the frequency domain
was proposed for electromagnetic wave scattering from structures containing complex
cylindrical or spherical objects.
The standard spaces were constructed under the physical presentation by solving the
eigen-value problem of the matrixes of dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeabil-
ity in chapter 4. Based on the spaces, it was discussed the modal equations of electro-
magnetic waves for anisotropic media, bi-anisotropic media, dispersive medium and
chiral medium, respectively, by converting the classical Maxwell’s vector equation to
the eigen Maxwell’s scalar equation, each of which shows the existence of an electro-
magnetic sub-wave, and its propagation velocity, propagation direction, polarization
direction and space pattern were completely determined in the equations.
In chapter 5, some electromagnetic wave equations to show applications to develop
the analytic design formula for the cavity design were presented. Several examples for
X Preface
the rectangular cavity was introduced for atmospheric microwave plasma torch as a
rectangular, which has uniform electromagnetic wave distribution to produce wide
area plasma in atmospheric pressure environment. The annular cavity for klystrode
was introduced for a microwave vacuum oscillator as a circular example, which
adapted the grid structure and the electron beam as an annular shape, gives high effi-
ciency compared with conventional klystrode.
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is based on high-frequency electromagnetic wave
propagation and its detecting targets are below the ground surface. In order to under-
stand the performance of GPR, permittivity testing and analysis are critical. In chapter
6, permittivity analysis and measurement methods for rock sample were given for
GPR applications.
Focusing on the propagation of high frequency pulse electromagnetic waves in layered
lossy and dispersive medium and after the physical forward modeling experiment, in
chapter 7, the delamination in polished wall paintings by wall coupling antennas us-
ing GPR was explained. It was shown that the ultra-wide band GPR is capable of de-
tecting delamination in vertical resolution of about 5 mm when it is equipped with a
transmitting antenna of 1.6 GHz central frequency.
With the help of Maxwell’s equations, the laws of formation of the impulse of electro-
magnetic radiation in dielectric environment for conditions self-induced transparency
were considered in chapter 8.
In chapter 9, ultrafast electromagnetic waves emitted from semiconductors under high
electric fields, which are closely related with ultrafast nonequilibrium transport of car-
riers in semiconductor, were investigated.
The behavior of electromagnetic waves emitted from within the ionospheric plasma
and the analytical solutions which are necessary to understand the characteristics of
the environment were explained in chapter 10. Problems in plasma physics at the con-
ductivity, dielectric constants and refractive index were defined according to the me-
dia parameters.
In the recent years, by developing the usage of new popular electronic-communication
gadgets and home appliances like mobile phones and microwave ovens which are
mostly sources of electromagnetic wave radiation, a severe public concern regarding
the side-effects whether positive or negative on human health and environment has
arisen. In chapter 11, the different types of electromagnetic field and their characteris-
tics besides of definitions were introduced and investigated separately. The biologic
effects on live tissues and human body were also investigated for concerned fields.
Magnetic reconnection is a very important physical process in astrophysical and la-
boratory plasmas, which enables reconfiguration of the magnetic field topology and
converts the magnetic field energy to plasma kinetic and thermal energy. The diffusion
region is a crucial region of reconnection where magnetic field and plasma decouple
