Bebop to the Boolean Boogie: An Unconventional Guide to Electronics

567 Pages·2009·7.05 MB·English

by  Clive Maxfield

Bebop to the Boolean Boogie
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Bebop to the Boolean Boogie
An Unconventional Guide
to Electronics
Third Edition
Clive “Max” Maxfi eld
AMSTERDAM•BOSTON•HEIDELBERG•LONDON
NEWYORK •OXFORD•PARIS•SANDIEGO
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This book is dedicated to my Auntie Barbara, whose assiduous scrubbing in my younger years has
left me the proud owner of the cleanest pair of knees in the known universe !
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Contents
ABOUT THE AUTHOR ..................................................................................................................xvii
FOREWORD .....................................................................................................................................xix
ABOUT THIS BOOK .......................................................................................................................xxi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................xxv
SECTION 1 ● Fundamentals
CHAPTER 1 Analog Versus Digital .........................................................3
It Was a Dark and Stormy Night . . . ........................................................3
Analog Versus Digital Views of the World ............................................4
Multi-Value Digital Systems .....................................................................5
Experiments with Bricks ............................................................................6
CHAPTER 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Crystals ........................................11
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons..........................................................11
vii
Quantum Levels and Electron Shells ...................................................13
Making Molecules .....................................................................................13
Crystals and Other Structures ...............................................................15
CHAPTER 3 Conductors, Insulators, and Other Stuff .........................17
Conductors and Insulators ......................................................................17
Voltage, Current, and Resistance..........................................................18
Resistance and Resistors ........................................................................19
Capacitance and Capacitors ...................................................................21
Inductance and Inductors .......................................................................23
Memristance and Memristors ...............................................................28
Impedance and Reactance.....................................................................28
Admittance, Conductance, and Susceptance ...................................29
Unit Qualifi ers ...........................................................................................30
CHAPTER 4 Semiconductors (Diodes and Transistors) .....................33
Herding Wild Electrons ............................................................................33
The Electromechanical Relay .................................................................33
The First Vacuum Tubes ........................................................................35
Semiconductors ........................................................................................36
Semiconductor Diodes ............................................................................37
viii Contents
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs)....................................................39
Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors
(MOSFETs) ................................................................................................41
The Transistor as a Switch ....................................................................43
Gallium Arsenide Semiconductors .......................................................44
Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) ..............................................................45
Organic LEDs (OLEDs) ..........................................................................46
Active Versus Passive and Electric Versus Electronic ...................47
CHAPTER 5 Primitive Logic Functions ...............................................49
Switch Representations of AND and OR Functions .......................49
FALSE and TRUE Versus OPEN and CLOSED ...............................50
BUF and NOT Functions .........................................................................51
“Connect the NOTs” ................................................................................52
AND, OR, and XOR Functions ..............................................................52
NAND, NOR, and XNOR Functions .....................................................53
Not a Lot ....................................................................................................55
Functions Versus Gates .........................................................................56
CHAPTER 6 Using Transistors to Build Logic Gates ...........................57
NMOS, PMOS, and CMOS .....................................................................57
Using 0s and 1s Instead of Fs and Ts ...................................................57
NOT and BUF Gates ...............................................................................58
NAND and AND Gates ............................................................................60
NOR and OR Gates ...................................................................................61
XNOR and XOR Gates ............................................................................62
XNOR and XOR Gates: Pass-Transistor
Implementations .......................................................................................63
Pass-Transistor Logic .............................................................................65
CHAPTER 7 Alternative Number Systems ..........................................67
Fingers, Toes, and Pebbles ...................................................................67
Bones with Notches ................................................................................67
Tally Sticks: The Hidden Dangers ........................................................68
The Abacus ................................................................................................69
Roman Numerals ......................................................................................69
Decimal (Base-10) ...................................................................................70
Duo-Decimal (Base-12) ...........................................................................71
Sexagesimal (Base-60) ..........................................................................73
The Concepts of Zero and Negative Numbers .................................74
Vigesimal (Base-20) ...............................................................................76
Contents ix
Jobs Abound for Time-Travelers .........................................................76
Quinary (Base Five) .................................................................................77
Binary (Base-2) ........................................................................................78
Octal (Base-8) and Hexadecimal (Base-16) .....................................80
Way Back in the Mists of Time ..............................................................82
Representing Numbers Using Powers ...............................................82
Lucky and Unlucky Numbers .................................................................84
Tertiary Logic ............................................................................................85
CHAPTER 8 Binary Arithmetic .............................................................87
Before We Start . . . .................................................................................87
Unsigned Binary Numbers .....................................................................87
Adding Unsigned Binary Numbers .......................................................88
Nines’ and Ten’s Complements .............................................................89
Subtracting Unsigned Binary Numbers ...............................................91
Sign-Magnitude Binary Numbers ........................................................93
Signed Binary Numbers ..........................................................................94
Adding Signed Binary Numbers ...........................................................95
Subtracting Signed Binary Numbers ..................................................96
Binary Multiplication ...............................................................................97
Binary Division ..........................................................................................98
CHAPTER 9 Boolean Algebra ...............................................................99
Cabbages, Parrots, and Buckets of Burning Oil ...............................99
Primitive Logic Functions ....................................................................100
Combining a Single Variable with Logic 0 or Logic 1 ....................102
The Idempotent Rules ..........................................................................102
The Complementary Rules ...................................................................102
The Involution Rule ................................................................................103
The Commutative Rules .......................................................................104
The Associative Rules ...........................................................................104
Precedence of Operators .....................................................................105
The First Distributive Rule...................................................................105
The Second Distributive Rule .............................................................105
The Simplifi cation Rules .......................................................................106
DeMorgan Transformations ................................................................106
Minterms and Maxterms .......................................................................112
Sum-of-Products and Product-of-Sums ..........................................112
Canonical Forms ......................................................................................114
An Interesting Conundrum ....................................................................114