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ue･Lax 71t'ansI.epidS.oc.J'apan56 (2)]:03-108. March2005
Beak marks on the wings of Japanese noctuid moths and satyrine butterfiies
(LepidopteNroac,tuidae,Nymphalidae)
AkiraMJyATA
Kokonee Institut eof Natura lHistory, 3229-317 Jjzobar uM,achida, Kokonoc-machi, Kusu-gun,
Oita-pref. ,879-4723 Japan; e-dnail: [email protected]
Abstract In the present papcr, l dcscribe 27 beak-marked specimens frem 15 species ef Japanese
noctuid moths und Lwo satyrine butterfli esT.he most characteristic beak-darnage pattern in
Noctuidae is two tcars o] the same sitie of 1'ore -and hindwings. They correspond to an overlttpping
positio onf tbe closed wings while the moth is resting. The attack by a bird rnight occkir unly once.
Sorne moths had beak-mark only on their hindwLngs. Thcse cascs are though tto be due to moths
opening their wings bet'or cflyLng to thrcaten an enemy. Apparently birds were aLtrac[ed by their
hindwing pattern to attack. It was estimated that aboul 20 to 40% of moths comin.o to ]igh ttraps
had expericnce of escapc from the attacks by birds.
Thc symmctrical beak-damagc pattcr nosn both fbrewings or en both hindwjn.g. sare characteristic
in the butterfi isteusdied, and never seen in meths. The butterf iiys attacked while rcsting with its
wingsc]osed.
Key -'ords Beak marl(, moths, Noctuidae, butterf iSya,tyrinae ofNymphalidtte.
I found 29 beak-damaged specimens in my collection of japanese moths and butterfies.
Among them, 27 specimens belong to 15 species ef two subfamilies (Catocali anndae
Calpinae )of the family Noctuidae .The Catocalina eis represented by scven species of the
genus Cdtocala ,and one spccies cach of the genera Ophittsa C,iphisma ,Achaea andArtena.
Catocral oaccurs in temperate forest s.The cryptic patter nof their forewings resembles that
of tree bark, but on their hindwings there is a red, yellow or white patter non a black greund
color. In contrast, the distributio onfs the other four gcnera are rather subtropical or tropi-
cal.Their
color patterns on the fore -and hindwings resemble those o'f moths belonging to the
Calpinae,
sublamily
In the subfamily Caipinae, beak marlcs were found in four species-Othreis homaena, Adris
tyrannus ,Ettdocima salaminia and Serrodes campana. The distribution sof these species
are subtropical or trepi¢al. The patter nof their forewings mimics dead leaves. Their hind-
wings have a cemma-shaped heraldi cdesign on a yellow ground color, except S, campana.
The two butterf iyspecimens both belong to the subfamily Satyiina eof the lamily
Nymphah'dae.
In the present paper ,I illustra atlc1 the beak-marked specimens and discus tshe cause of
damage,
each case of wing
List beak-damaged
of specimens
The position of the beak mark is represented as tb]lows :F=Forewing, H=Hindwing,
R=Right, and L=Left. For example, it is describe das RF when the right forewing only was
damagcd. If the right forewing and lef tforewing were durnaged ,it is describe das RF+LF.
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In a case where all four wings were damaged, it is denoted as RF+RH+LF+LH,
Four specimens figure dhave broken abdomen ends (Fig s15, 22, 24 and 26): thesc were not
due to attack by birds ,but to my having cut them off to prepare genital isapecimens.
Family Noctuidae
Subfamily Catocalinae
1.Catocala V S7"
electa n<=
1 8 (Fi g1.) ,RH+LH. Jizobaru, Kokonoe, Oita-pref .3,0. viii. 2001, Coll .A, Miyata; 1
8' (Fi g2.), RH+ LH. Ditto, 30. viii. 2002, Coll ,A. Miyata; 1 (3' i(Fig ,3) ,RF+RH+LF+
LH. Ditto,20.ix.2003, Coll.A. Miyata.
2. Catocala duta t=sC= ef SA
1 c7L (Fig 4.), RF+RH+LF+LH, 1 8i (Fi g5.), RH+LF+LH. Jizobaru K,okonoe, Oita-pref,,
15.ix.2001, Co]l.A, Mjyattt,
3, Catocala pataga # V Y 7t
1 c7L (Fig .6), RF+LF+LH, Hazama-cho, Oita-pref .2,2. vi. 1980, Coll ,A. Miyata; 1 cYL
(Fig 7.), LH. Jizobaru ,Kokonoe, Oita-pref .1,9. viii. 2003, Coll ,A. Miyata; 1 {? (Fi g8.),
RH. Ditto,15, 2003,Coll.A.Miyata.
viii,
4. Catocatajonasi it. "H li" Jk a; ii 5i 7t
1 c7` (Fi g9.), LF+LH. Shiiyatoge K,umamoto-pref. ,30, vii. 1986, Coll .K. Ybshizaki.
5. Catocata nagioides U pt Vp V S 7i
1 8i (Fi g1.O), LF+LH. Jjzobaru, Kokonoe, Oita-pref. ,15. ix. 2001, Coll.A. Miyata.
6. Catocala actaea = )u Ye?t
l 8i (Fi g] .1) ,RH+LH. Hashizu, Usa City Oita-pref. ,18. viii. 1980, Coll. M, Nakajima;
1 di "(Fi g.12), RF+RH+LF+LH. Shinyabakei, Oita-pref .1,1-12. ix. 1982, Coll. A,
Miyata; 1 c3n (Fig .13) ,LF. Jizobaru ,Kokonoe, Oita-pref .1,5, ix ,2001, Coll .A, Miyata,
7,Catocala Vn V'U7h"
nivea
1 8 (Fi g1.4) ,LF+LH. Sugadaira ,Nagano-pref. ,17. viii. 1970, Coll.Y Kobayashi.
8. Qphitt tsiarhaca a N Je > V' Y7t
1 c3a (Fi g1.5) ,RF+RH+LF+LH. Kogakura, Nagasaki City ,5. xi. 1973, Coll .A. Miyata.
9. Ciphisma gravata # E > 9 fA
1 8 (Fi g1.6) ,RH. Funaura, Iriemotejima R,yukyu, 6. vii. 1978, Coll .A. Miyata.
"f
10. Achaea serva t t V 7 ;S ti 7 if h a fA
1 8 (Fi g1.7) ,LF+LH, Takarajima ,[[bkar aIslands ,25-30. vii. 1975, Col] .A. Miyata
'7
11.Artena dotata iL 79`F'it
1 9 (Fig .18), RH, Jizobaru K,okonoe, Oita-pref .8,. ix ,2002, Coll .A. Miyata; 1 8 (Fig.
19) ,RH. Ditto, 29. viii. 2003, Coll .A. Miyata; 1 9 (Fi g2.0), LF. Ditto ,30. xi. 2003,
Coll,A.Miyata.
SubfamilyCalpinae
1 2, Oth re is homaena ; 'F' TJ 'E > U 7 7x
1 \ (Fi g2.1), LH. Mt Bannadake, Ishigakijim aR,yukyu, 15. vi. I983, Co]1, S. Imasaka.
13. Adris tyrannu sT b- li :] 7 A
1 cli (Fi g2.2), RH. Okinoshima, Fukuoka-pref., 2425. vii. 1 978, Coll.A. Miyata.
14. Eudocima salaminia i} V Ji u 7 ?h
1 8 (Fig .24), LF+LH. Maegomori, Takarajima, [Ibkara Islands ,1, viii. }975, Coll .A.
. Miyatu; 1 8n (Fig .25), LF+LH. Ditto, 3, viii, 1975, Coll. A. Miyata; 1 {ia (Fi g2.6), RF+
RH, Talcarajima ,Tokara Isiands ,3, viii. 1975, Coll .A. Miyata; 1c3 a(Fi g2.7) ,LH.
Funaura ,Iriomotejima, Ryukyu, l. vii. 1978, Coll. A. Miyata.
15. Serrodes campana * Y'U 7 F a"it
1 ? (Fi g2.8), LF. Mt Ryozen, Oita City, 3] , v. 1980, Coll. A. Miyata.
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Bcak Marks on thc Wings of Japaneg． e Moths and ButtcrH ies 105
9
．’．．／ ’
10 1
蠱撫晦 騨
甑 爵
1騨驚
騨 蓁
1♂ 臣
曳
Figs l＿15． Bea】（−marked spccimcns of Cat’o（tala （1−14）and Ophiusa（15）、1−3， Calocal aelecta ，
4ni−り5e．aC． ． d1μ5．t Oa．p hi6−u、8s’C．l tCi．r hpaact／aa．lα． 9． C． jonα．vii． IO， C， nagioides ． ll−13． C，‘lctLLc）a． 14． C．
Family Nymphalidae
SubfamilySatyrinae
16．Metanitis phedima oitensis ク ロ コ ノマ チ ョ ウ
1♀（Fig．29）， RF＋RH ＋LF＋LH ， Hazama −cho ， Oita−pref． l I．ix．1991 Coll。 A． Miyata．
， ，
IZ Melanitisledaismene
ウス イロ コ ノマ チ ョ ウ
lex ．（Fig．30）， RF＋RH ＋LF＋LH ． Tal（arajima ， Tokara Tslands 25−30． vii．1975， Co】L A，
，
Miyata ．
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in
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29
3e
Figs 16-30. Beak-marked noctuids and satyrines. 16. 0phismagravata. 17 .Achaea seiva. 18-20.
Artena d"tata. 21. 01hrei. sh'omaena. 22-23. AdTis t},rann us2.427. Eudoeima salaminia.
28, Serrodes campana. 29. A4lrlanit pihsedima oitensis. 30, M. Ieda i,s'mene.
Discussien
Among the 27 beak-marked specimens of 15 species oi' moths, fbur had al 1fbur wings
damaged, RF+RH+LF+LH (Fig s3, 4, 12 and 15). Two individua lwsere damaged in three
wings: RF+RH +LH (Fig .5), and RF+LF+LH (Fi g6,). Three specjmens had damage to
RH+LH (Fig s1, 2 and 11). These multiple damaged specimens might have been attacked
more than twjce, but it is diMcult to analyze the cause of the damage.
The four specimens having beak marks on one fbrewing and one hindwing were all LF+LH
(Fig 9s, 14, 17 and 25). If the damages of the lef twings were ignored ,Figs 3 and4 rnight
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Beak Marks on the Wings of Japanese Moths and Butterfli cs 107
be classified as RF+RH. In contrast, RF+LH or RH+LF were never observed. These re-
su].ts are noteworthy because damas,e to the wings on the same side such as RF+RH and
LF+LH indicat etha tbird smight attack the resting moths only once from behind .The posi-
tion sof the damage on the forewing and the hindwing correspond with the resting posture
of moths. Sargent (1973 )classified these cases into his [fype II, which indicate asn attack
while the moth is resting; thc characteristic damage consists of corresponding tears from
the overlapping ipsilatera lforewing afid hindwing when the wings are full yclosed. The
cases of LF+LH are twice as frequen tas RF+RH. This indicates that the bird might use its
beak more skillfully to pick up the ]eft side of the wings,
'fbrewing
Apparent]y the bird chooses to attack the hindwing rather than the as shown in
Figs 1, 2, 3, 5 and 8, However, these moths came to ligh ttrap and their fligh wtas no differ-
ent to normal meths belonging to the same species. I believ ethat the attacker discovere da
resting moth on a tree stem, and then jus btefore attacking, the moth opened it swings to
threaten the enemy with it shindwing patter n.The bird might attack instant layt the mo-
ment it saw the pattern a,nd then the moth might take fligh itmmediately to escape. The
bird might pursuc the moth and attack it shindwing repeatedly as shown in Figs 1 and 2.
Sargent (1973 )classified damages shown in Figs 7, 8, 13, 18, 19, 22, and 24 into his 'IYpe I.
According to his opinion, the bird attacked while the moth was in fiigh tan,d the character-
isti dcamage in this type is uni]ateral, and involve sa tear from one wing on]y.
I observed some moths opening their wings to threaten an enemy as shown in Fig, 23. This
pictur ewas taken in the early morning in late autumn at the garden of Kokonoe Institut eof
Natural History. Adris t.vrannus is a rathcr large moth and without waming up i' tcannot fly
under low tempcratures. I observed the same behavior in Lag(uJtera jun owhose hindwing
has a typical eye patter nwith red and blue color, It opcned it swings and almost stood on
end. I believ ethat damages to E"docima salaminia were also due to the same cauge. From
my experiences in tropical countries, large moths such as Sphingida eusually cannot fly in
the early morning without warming up. I have not ebserved the same threat behavior in the
moths of the genus Cdtocala ,but apparently bird swere attracted intensel yto their hind-
wing patter nas shown in Figs 1-5,
TWo butterfi iaelsso had beak marks caused by bird s(Fig s29 and 30) .The damages on thc
forewing sof Metanitis phedima oitensis (Fig .29) apparently fa] 1into Joki's `symmetrical
damage' (Jok i],985) .These damages are typical for the butterf lryesting with it swings
closed and erect. The damages on the hindwings of Melanitis leda ismene can be classified
as symmetrical damage. These two specimens had other damages that arc small but rather
symmetrical. These might be caused by bird attack at a diiiere nttime.
Usuallydaniaged
specimens are not preserved as a collection except rare species.
However, tbese are rather uncommon moths in the Kyushu area. Therefore, when I found
them, I always kept them fbr my collection. I caught ten individua losf Artena dolata
throu.ohout my lil ]ase an entomologi'st, and thrc espccimens (30% )had beak rnarks, In the
casc of Eudocima sataminia, four (40% )out of 10 specimens had beak marks on their
wings, In thc genus Catocaia ,two (abou 3t0%) out of 7 C. d"la specimens, and three
(abou t20%) out of 16 C, electa specimens had beak marks. It might be concluded that
about 20 to 40% of moths coming to light trap had experience of escape from attacks by
birds,
Acknowledgment
I express my deepest appreciation to Prof. H, S. Ybng for his kind and usefu1 advice on this
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108 AkiraMIY
八丁八
pape・
「
1jte「at皿『e
Johki， Y ．，1985． Wi ng dan皿agcs of butterfll easnd birds’ attacks ． Ty（3 Ga 35：202−207．
Sar geannta，l yTsi． sD o．f， b1e97a3k−． daSmtaugdeides sopneci吐mheel lsCa，t woc油ala〔h（sNcoucstus三〇idn aoef） aonfom asloyuther nag a Npeowte nEtlila glalnatni−d」prVed． aAt o pfrruenlcimtlino tnotfry
hilldwing divorsity．」． LL・pid．∫‘丿c．27：175−192．
摘 要
ー ・ ー
日本産ヤガ科 とジャ ノメチ ョ ウ類の翅の ピ ク マ ク （宮旧 彬）
50 年に わた り収集 した標本 を整埋中に，ピーク ・マ ークの つ い たヤガ科の標本が 15種 27例，ジ ャ ノ
メ チ ョ ウ類2種 2例見つ か っ た．ヤガ科の うち7種 ／4例 はCatecalaM の 蛾で ，残 りはシ タバ ・H〔科の 4
属4種、6例 とクチバ 亜科の 4一属4種7例で あっ た、ヤ ガ科の場合，鳥の 攻撃により出来る最 も・特微的な
傷は同 じ側の 前翅 と後翅に つ ずつ 合計 ：つ 見られ，翅の位置を静止時の形に戻すと前 後翅の 傷
が重 なる こ とか ら，静止時に攻撃を受けた こ とが分か る．また後翅だけに傷を受けてい る例 も多 く，
この ような傷は攻撃直前に蛾が翅を開い て後翅の斑紋を敵に見せて 威嚇 した結果．生 じた もの らし
い ．明らかに後翅の 斑紋が，鳥の攻撃をそらし，生存率を高めてい ると考えられる，筆者はCaiocatαが
静止 した まま後翅 を示して敵を威嚇するか どうか未観察である，しか しア ケ ビコ ノハ や ム クゲ コ ノ
ハ は後翅 を開い て 後半身を持ち上げるよ うな姿勢をとり威嚇するこ とを観察して い る．おそ らくキ
マ エ コ ノハ の後翅の傷は威嚇中に後翅に攻撃を受けたもの と思われる．今1口1ピーク ・マ ークが見つ
かっ た蛾は，い ずれ も九州で は個体数が少ない 種である．そ うで なければ翅が破損してい る蛾 をわざ
わ ざ展翅するこ とはない ，そ れゆえ一部の種で は，今まで 出会っ た総個体数に対する ピーク ・マ ーク
出現率 を計算するこ とが出来た．その結果，灯火に飛来する蛾の うち20％か ら40％ は，鳥の攻撃か ら
生還 した経験を持っ てい ると推定された．ジャ ノメチ ョ ウ類2種の傷は，左右の 翅に生 じた対称傷で ，
こ の場合も翅を背申で閉じて い る状態で鳥の攻撃を受けたこ とを示してい る．
（Accepted Decelnber 9，2004）
Publishcd by Lhe I，epldopterological Society of 」apan ．
5−20、Motoyokoyama 2，HachiujiTokyo 192−0063 Japan
， ，
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