Battleground : The Media

655 Pages·2007·3.52 MB·English

Battleground: The Media
Volumes 1 and 2
Edited by
Robin Andersen
Jonathan Gray
Greenwood Press
Battleground
the Media


B at t l e g r o u n d
t h e M e d i a
VoluMe 1 (a–n)
Edited by Robin Andersen and Jonathan Gray
greenwood Press
Westport, Connecticut • London

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Battleground: the media / edited by Robin Andersen and Jonathan Gray.
p. cm. — (Battleground)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978–0–313–34167–0 (alk. paper)
1. Mass media—Political aspects. I. Andersen, Robin. II. Gray, Jonathan (Jonathan Alan).
P95.8.B38 2008
302.23—dc22 2007032454
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available.
Copyright © 2008 by Robin Andersen and Jonathan Gray
All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be
reproduced, by any process or technique, without the
express written consent of the publisher.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2007032454
ISBN: 978–0–313–34167–0 (set)
978–0–313–34168–79 (vol. 1)
978–0–313–34169–4 (vol. 2)
First published in 2008
Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881
An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.
www.greenwood.com
Printed in the United States of America
The paper used in this book complies with the
Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National
Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984).
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
Guide to Related Topics ix
Introduction xvii
Entries
À La Carte Cable Pricing 1
Advertising and Persuasion 5
Al-Jazeera 14
Alternative Media in the United States 21
Anonymous Sources, Leaks, and National Security 28
Audience Power to Resist 33
Bias and Objectivity 39
Blogosphere: Politics and Internet Journalism 45
Body Image 51
Bollywood and the Indian Diaspora 56
Branding the Globe 62
Cable Carriage Disputes 69
Celebrity Worship and Fandom 76
Children and Effects: From Sesame Street to Columbine 80
v
vi  |  Contents
Communication and Knowledge Labor 86
Communication Rights in a Global Context 91
Conglomeration and Media Monopolies 97
Cultural Appropriation 103
Cultural Imperialism and Hybridity 108
Dating Shows 113
Digital Divide 118
Disabilities and the Media 123
The DVD: Home Viewing of Movies Comes of Age 130
Embedding Journalists: How Close Is Too Close? 137
Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgendered,
and Queer Representations on TV 145
Global Community Media 151
Google Book Search 157
Government Censorship and Freedom of Speech 162
Hypercommercialism 171
Independent Cinema: The Myth and Necessity of Distinction 183
Innovation and Imitation in Commercial Media 190
Internet and Its Radical Potential 195
Islam and the Media 202
The iTunes Effect 206
Journalists in Peril 213
Media and Citizenship 221
Media and the Crisis of Values 225
Media and Electoral Campaigns 231
Media Literacy: Creating Better Citizens or Better Consumers? 238
Media Reform 247
Media Watch Groups 253
Minority Media Ownership 260
Mobile Media 268
Narrative Power and Media Influence 273
National Public Radio 277
Contents  |  vii
Nationalism and the Media 283
Net Neutrality 289
News Satire: Comedy Central and Beyond 295
Obscenity and Indecency 303
Online Digital Film and Television 308
Online Publishing 315
Paparazzi and Photographic Ethics 321
Parachute Journalism: International News Reporting 328
Pharmaceutical Advertising 334
Piracy and Intellectual Property 342
Pirate Radio 349
Political Documentary: Fahrenheit 9/11 and the 2004 Election 356
Political Entertainment: From The West Wing to South Park 362
Pornography 368
Presidential Stagecraft and Militainment 376
Product Placement 381
Propaganda Model 388
Public Access Television 395
Public Broadcasting Service 400
Public Opinion: Are Polls Democratic? 406
Public Sphere 412
Ratings 419
Reality Television 425
Regulating the Airwaves: “A Toaster with Pictures”
or a Public Service? 433
Representations of Class 441
Representations of Masculinity 446
Representations of Race 452
Representations of Women 459
Runaway Productions and the Globalization of Hollywood 470
Sensationalism, Fear Mongering, and Tabloid Media 477
Shock Jocks: Making Mayhem over the Airwaves 488
viii  |  Contents
Surveillance and Privacy 495
Television in Schools 503
TiVo: Timeshifting America 509
Tourism and the Selling of Cultures 513
Transmedia Storytelling and Media Franchises 519
User-Created Content and Audience Participation 529
Video Games 537
Video News Releases: A Hidden Epidemic of Fake TV News 542
Violence and Media: From Media Effects to Moral Panics 549
Women’s Magazines 559
World Cinema 567
Youth and Media Use 579
Bibliography 585
About the Editors and Contributors 599
Index 609
guide to related toPiCs
Audiences, citizens, And consumers
Audience Power to Resist
Body Image
Celebrity Worship and Fandom
Children and Effects: From Sesame Street to Columbine
Communication and Knowledge Labor
Communication Rights in a Global Context
Cultural Appropriation
Cultural Imperialism and Hybridity
Digital Divide
Disabilities and the Media
Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgendered, and Queer Representations on TV
Global Community Media
Government Censorship and Freedom of Speech
Islam and the Media
Media and Citizenship
Media and the Crisis of Values
Media Literacy: Creating Better Citizens or Better Consumers?
Media Reform
Media Watch Groups
Narrative Power and Media Influence
Nationalism and the Media
Obscenity and Indecency
Online Digital Film and Television
Piracy and Intellectual Property
x