Battery Reference Book

774 Pages·2000·32.581 MB·English

by  Thomas P J Crompton MBBS BSc MRCS

T. R. Crom
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Boo1
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Thirc

Battery
Reference Book

Battery
Reference Book
Third Edition
T R Crompton
MSC, BSic
Newnes
OXFORD AlJCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI
Newnes
An imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP
225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041
A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd
-&A member of the Reed Elsevier plc group
First published 1990
Second edition 1995
Thrd edition 2000
0 Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd 1990, 1995, 2000
All rights reserved. No part of this publication
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Applications for the copyright holder's written permission
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 07506 4625 X
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Typeset by Laser Words, Madras, India
Printed in Great Britain
Contents
Preface 4 Nickel batteries
Acknowledgements Nickel-cadmium secondary batteries . Nickel-iron
secondary batteries . Nickel-zinc secondary batteries
1 1ntroduc:tiont o battery technology . Nickel-hydrogen secondary batteries . Nickel-metal
hydride secondary batteries . Sodium-nickel chloride
Electromotive force . Reversible cells . Reversible
secondary batteries
electrodes . Relationship between electrical energy and
energy content of a cell . Free energy changes and elec-
tromotive forces in cells . Relationship between the 5 Silver batteries
energy changes accompanying a cell reaction and con-
Silver oxide-zinc primary batteries . Silver-zinc sec-
centration of the reactants . Single electrode potentials
ondary batteries . Silver-cadmium secondary batteries
. Activities of electrolyte solutions . Influence of ionic
. Silver-hydrogen secondary batteries
concentration1 in the electrolyte on electrode poten-
tial . Effect of sulphuric acid concentration on e.m.f.
in the lead-acid battery . End-of-charge and end-of- 6 Alkaline manganese batteries
discharge e.m.f. values . Effect of cell temperature on
Alkaline manganese primary batteries . Alkaline man-
e.m.f. in the lead-acid battery . Effect of tempera-
ganese secondary batteries
ture and temperature coefficient of voltage dEldT on
heat content change of cell reaction . Derivation of
the number of electrons involved in a cell reaction . 7 Carbon-zinc and carbon-zinc chloride
Thermodynamic calculation of the capacity of a bat- primary batteries
tery . Calculation of initial volume of sulphuric acid
. Calculation of operating parameters for a lead-acid Carbon-zinc batteries . Carbon-zinc chloride batteries
battery from calorimetric measurements . Calculation
of optimum acid volume for a cell Effect of cell lay- 8 Mercury batteries
out in batteries on battery characteristics . Calculation
of energy density of cells . Effect of discharge rate on Mercury-zinc primary batteries . Mercury-indium-
performance characteristics . Heating effects in batter- bismuth and mercury -cadmium primary batteries
ies . Spontaneous reaction in electrochemical cells .
Pressure development in sealed batteries 9 Lithium batteries
Introduction . Lithium- sulphur dioxide primary
2 Guidelines to battery selection batteries . Lithium-thionyl chloride primary batteries
. Lithium-vanadium pentoxide primary batteries
Primary batteries . Secondary batteries . Conclusion . Lithium-manganese dioxide primary batteries .
Lithium-copper oxide primary batteries . Lithium-
silver chromate primary batteries . Lithium-lead
Pat3 1 Battery Characteristics
bismuthate primary cells . Lithium-polycarbon
3 Lead-acid secondary batteries monofluoride primary batteries . Lithium solid
electrolyte primary batteries . Lithium-iodine primary
Open-type lead-acid batteries . Non-spill lead-acid batteries . Lithium-molybdenum disulphide secondary
batteries . Recombining sealed lead-acid batteries batteries . Lithium (aluminium) iron monosulphide
v
vi Contents
secondary batteries . Lithium-iron disulphide primary 20 Silver batteries
cells . Lithium- silver-vanadium pentoxide batteries
Silver oxide-zinc primary batteries . Silver-zinc sec-
ondary batteries . Silver-cadmium secondary batteries
10 Manganese dioxide-magnesium
perchlorate primary batteries
21 Alkaline manganese batteries
Reserve type
Alkaline manganese primary batteries . Alkaline man-
ganese secondary batteries
11 Magnesium-organic electrolyte
primary batteries
22 Carbon-zinc and carbon-zinc chloride
12 Metal-air cells
batteries
Zinc-air primary batteries . Zinc-air secondary bat-
teries . Cadmium-air secondary batteries . Alu- Carbon-zinc primary batteries . Carbon-zinc chloride
minium-air secondary batteries . Iron-air secondary primary batteries
batteries
23 Mercury-zinc batteries
13 High-temperature thermally activated
Mercury-zinc primary batteries . Mercury-zinc car-
primary reserve batteries
diac pacemaker batteries
Performance characteristics of calcium anode thermal
batteries . Performance characteristics of lithium anode
thermal batteries 24 Lithium batteries
Lithium-sulphur dioxide primary batteries . Lithium-
14 Zinc-halogen secondary batteries thionyl chloride primary batteries . Lithium-vanadium
pentoxide primary batteries . Lithium solid elec-
Zinc-chlorine secondary batteries . Zinc-bromine
trolyte primary batteries . Lithium-iodine prim-
secondary batteries
ary batteries . Lithium-manganese dioxide primary
batteries . Lithium-copper oxide primary batteries
15 Sodium-sulphur secondary batteries . Lithium-carbon monofluoride primary batteries .
Lithium-molybdenum disulphide secondary batteries
16 Other fast-ion conducting solid . Lithium (aluminium) iron sulphide secondary cells .
systems Lithium-iron disulphide primary batteries
17 Water-activated primary batteries
Magnesium-silver chloride batteries . Zinc- silver 25 Manganese dioxide-magnesium
chloride batteries . Magnesium-cuprous chloride bat- perchlorate primary batteries
teries
26 Metal-air batteries
Part 2 Battery theory and design Zinc-air primary batteries . Metal-air secondary bat-
teries . Aluminium-air secondary reserve batteries
18 Lead-acid secondary batteries
Chemical reactions during battery cycling . Mainten-
27 High-temperature thermally activated
ance-free lead-acid batteries . Important physical
primary batteries
characteristics of antimonial lead battery grid alloys
. Lead alloy development in standby (stationary) Calcium anode-based thermal batteries . Lithium anode
batteries . Separators for lead-acid automotive thermal batteries . Lithium alloy thermal batteries
batteries Further reading
28 Zinc- halogen secondary batteries
19 Nickel batteries
Nickel-cadmium secondary batteries . Nickel-hydro- Zinc-chlorine batteries . Zinc-bromine batteries
gen and silver-hydrogen secondary batteries .
Nickel-zinc secondary batteries . Nickel-metal 29 Sodium-sulphur secondary batteries
hydride secondary batteries . Nickel-iron secondary
batteries . Sodium-nickel chloride secondary batteries References on sodium-sulphur batteries
Contents vii
Pard: 3 Battery performance evaluation 37 Mercury batteries
30 Primary batteries Mercury -zinc primary batteries . Mercury-cadmium
primary batteries . Mercury-indium-bismuth primary
Service time--voltage data . Service life-ohmic load batteries
curves . Effect of operating temperature on service
life Voltage-capacity curves . Shelf life-percentage
38 Lithium primary batteries
capacity retained . Other characteristic curves
Lithium- sulphur dioxide . Lithium-vanadium pentox-
ide . Lithium-thionyl chloride . Lithium-manganese
31 Secondary batteries dioxide . Lithium-copper oxide Lithium- silver chro-
mate . Lithium-lead bismuthate . Lithium-polycarbon
Discharge curves . Terminal voltage-discharge time monofluoride . Lithium solid electrolyte . Lithium-
curves . Plateau voltage-battery temperature curves iodine . Comparison of lithium-iodine and nickel-
Capacity returned (discharged capacity)-discharge
I cadmium cells in CMOS-RAM applications .
rate curves . Capacity returned (discharged capa-
Lithium-iron disulphide primary cells . Lithium-
city)-discharge temperature curves and percentage
molybdenum disulphide secondary cells . Lithium
withdrawable capacity returned-temperature curves
(aluminium) iron sulphide secondary cells
. Capacity returned (discharged capacity)-terminal
voltage curves . Withdrawable capacity-terminal
voltage cunies . Capacity returned (discharged 39 Manganese dioxide-magnesium
capacity) -discharge current curves . Discharge perchlorate primary batteries
rate-capacity returned (discharged capacity) curves .
Discharge rate-terminal voltage curves . Discharge Reserve batteries . Non-reserve batteries
rate-mid-point voltage curves . Discharge rate-energy
density curves . Self-discharge characteristics and shelf 40 Metal-air batteries
life . Float life characteristics
Zinc-air Primary batteries . Zinc-air secondary bat-
teries . Aluminium-air secondary batteries
Part 4 Battery Applications
41 High-temperature thermally activated
32 Lead-acid secondary batteries
primary batteries
Stationary type or standby power batteries . Traction
42 Seawater-activated primary batteries
or motive power type . Starting, lighting and ignition
(SLI) or automotive batteries . Partially recombining 43 Electric vehicle secondary batteries
sealed lead-acid batteries . Load levelling batteries .
Electric vehicle batteries Lead-acid batteries . Other power sources for vehicle
propulsion
33 Nickel lbatteries
Part 5 Battery charging
Nickel-cadmium secondary batteries . Nickel-zinc
44 Introduction
secondary batteries . Nickel-hydrogen secondary
batteries . Nickel-metal hydride secondary batteries 45 Constant-potential charging
. Nickel-iron secondary batteries . Sodium-nickel
chloride secondary batteries Standard CP charging . Shallow cycle CP charging
of lead-acid batteries . Deep cycle CP charging of
lead-acid batteries . Float CP charging of lead-acid
34 Silver batteries batteries . Two-step cyclic voltage-float voltage CP
charging
Silver-zinc primary batteries . Silver-zinc secondary
batteries . Silver-cadmium batteries
46 Voltage-limited taper current charging
of alkaline manganese dioxide batteries
35 Alkaline manganese primary batteries
47 Constant-current charging
36 Carbon-zinc primary batteries
Charge control and charge monitoring of sealed
Comparison of alkaline manganese and carbon-zinc nickel-cadmium batteries . The Eveready fast-charge
cell drain rates . Drain characteristics of major con- cell (nickel-cadmium batteries) . Types of constant-
sumer applications current charging . Two-step constant-current charging