Basophil and Mast Cell Degranulation and Recovery

418 Pages·1991·20.124 MB·English

by  Ann M. Dvorak (auth.)

Blood Cell
Biochemistry
Volume 4
Basophil and Mast Cell
Degranulation and Recovery
Blood Cell Biochemistry
Series Editor
J. R. Harris, Institute for Cell and Tumor Biology, Heidelberg, Germany
Volume 1 Erythroid Cells
Edited by J. R. Harris
Volume 2 Megakaryocytes, Platelets, Macrophages, and Eosinophils
Edited by J. R. Harris
Volume 3 Lymphocytes and Granulocytes
Edited by J. R. Harris
Volume 4 Basophil and Mast Cell Degranulation and Recovery
Ann M. Dvorak
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new
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tion please contact the publisher.
Blood Cell
Biochemistry
Volume 4
Basophil and Mast Cell
Degranulation and Recovery
Ann M. Dvorak
Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Llbrary of Congress Cataloglng-ln-Publlcatlon Data
Dvorak, Ann M.
Basophl1 and mast cell degranulatlon and recovery I Ann M. Dvorak.
p. cm. -- (Blood cell blochemistry ; v. 4)
Includes blbllographlcal references and Index.
ISBN 978-1-4757-9527-1 ISBN 978-1-4757-9525-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-9525-7
1. Mast cells--Physlology. 2. Basophils--Physiology. 1. Title.
II. Serles.
[DNLM, 1. Basophi ls--physlology. 2. Cell Degranulatlon
-phySlology. 3. Mast Cells--physiology. WH 200 D988bl
OR185.8.M35D8S 1991
S1S.07'9--dc20
DNLM/OLC
for Llbrary of Congress 91-3005
CIP
ISBN 978-1-4757-9527-1
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Origina11y published by Plenum Press, New York in 1991
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1991
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, -or transmitted
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Preface
Basophils and mast cells are similar but unique secretory cells with a well-documented
role in immediate-hypersensitivity reactions. The presence of these cells in various cell
mediated hypersensitivity reactions, in tissues of multiple diseases, and as a component of
the host reaction to injury and repair in numerous circumstances is well known. Release of
stored and newly generated mediators of inflammation from basophils and mast cells
contributes to the cascade of pathogenetic events in circumstances under which these
release reactions occur. Despite insights acquired through studies of these pathologic
events, the role of basophils and mast cells and their secretory products in health is not
known. In this book, I review much of the structural information regarding basophils and
mast cells of multiple species. Ultrastructural studies of rat mast cells historically precede
and quantitatively exceed similar studies of basophils and mast cells of other species.
Therefore, I first review these background studies as an entity. Then I discuss the contents
of two prominent organelles-granules and lipid bodies-in basophils and mast cells of
several species. The ultrastructural morphology of basophils and mast cells in three
species is presented in detail to establish appropriate guidelines for their recognition and to
provide general rules for analysis which are appropriate for the identification of these cells
in other species as well. Discussion of secretory mechanisms for mediator release from
basophils and mast cells concentrates on ultrastructural studies of these cells in several
species with which we are most familiar. Similarly, I review the recovery potential, as
imaged in ultrastructural studies, of guinea pig basophils and human mast cells following
stimulation of anaphylactic degranulation in short-term cultures. Presentation of these
structural studies as a unit will provide necessary background information for future
functional studies designed to elucidate the role of basophils and mast cells in health as
well as in disease.
I acknowledge the stimulating discussion, helpful advice, and continuous encourage
ment of my husband and collaborator, Dr. Harold F. Dvorak. Similarly, many of these
studies could not have been done without the excellent assistance of my colleagues Drs.
Stephen Galli, Teruko Ishizaka, and Lawrence Lichtenstein, and the numerous members
of their respective laboratories. A large number of colleagues in many other distinguished
laboratories have been a ready source of material for some studies.
Manuscript processing and editorial assistance were provided by Peter K. Gardner,
v
vi Preface
and expert technical assistance was provided by Ellen Morgan, Rita Monahan-Earley,
Justine Osage, Kathryn Pyne, Patricia Estrella, Joanne Smith, Linda Letourneau, and
Susan Kissell.
All of these studies have been made possible by Public Health Service grants
CA15136, CA19141, and CA28834, representing continuous support by the National In
stitutes of Health of the research efforts in basophil and mast cell biology in my laboratory.
Ann M. Dvorak
Boston, Massachusetts
Contents
Chapter I
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................... .
Chapter 2
Rat Mast Cells
Overview.......................................................... 3
2.1. Ultrastructural Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2. Development In Vivo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3. Development In Vitro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.4. Granules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.5. Degranulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.6. Recovery from Degranulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Chapter 3
Biochemical Contents of Granules and Lipid Bodies-Two Distinctive
OrgaPelles Found in Basophils and Mast Cells
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1. Granules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2. Lipid Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Chapter 4
Ultrastructural Morphology of Basophils and Mast Cells
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.1. Guinea Pig Basophils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.2. Guinea Pig Mast Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.3. Mouse Basophils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.4. Mouse Mast Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.5. Human Basophils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.6. Human Mast Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 5
Degranulation of Basophils and Mast Cells
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1
5 .1. Anaphylactic Degranulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5. 2. Piecemeal Degranulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Chapter 6
Recovery of Basophils and Mast Cells from Degranulation
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
6.1. Guinea Pig Basophils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
6.2. Human Mast Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Chapter 7
Concluding Remarks 369
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 1
Index............................................................. 393
Chapter 1
Introduction
Basophils and mast cells, two unique but closely related cells, have fascinated investiga
tors since their original descriptions by Ehrlich (1877, 1879). We also succumbed to this
fascination when we identified large numbers of basophils in skin lesions of guinea pigs
that had been sensitized to antigen emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant and
sampled for ultrastructural analysis within 1 to 2 weeks after skin testing-reactions we
called cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) to distinguish them from classical de
layed hypersensitivity (DH) skin reactions (H. F. Dvorak, 1974; H. F. Dvorak et al.,
1970). The study of basophil and mast cell biology has been a major part of our ultrastruc
tural research efforts during the past 20 years.
In this review, I will draw most heavily on my knowledge of basophils and mast cells
from the three species with which I have the most experience (guinea pig basophils,
mouse mast cells, and human basophils and mast cells), recognizing that rat mast cells
have served as research models for others for many years (Anderson and Uvnas, 1975,
Anderson et al., 1973; Benditt, 1958; Benditt and Arase, 1959; Benfey et al., 1987;
Bloom and Chakravarty, 1970; Burwen and Satir, 1977a,b; Chi et al., 1975, 1976, 1982;
Chock and Schmauder-Chock, 1985; Combs, 1966; Combs et al., 1965; Enerback and
Lundin, 1974; Enerback and Rundquist, 1981; Fawcett, 1954; Foreman, 1977; Gibson
and Miller, 1986; Henderson et al., 1980a,b; Ishizaka et al., 1976, 1977a; Kriiger and
Lagunoff, 1981; Kriiger et al., 1974; Kurosawa and Parker, 1986; Lagunoff, 1972b;
Lagunoff, 1973; Lagunoff and Benditt, 1960, 1963; Lagunoff and Chi, 1976; Lagunoff
and Pritzl, 1976; Lawson et al., 1975, 1977, 1978; Levi-Schaffer et al., 1985; Mann,
1969; Nemeth and Rolich, 1982; Nielsen and Clausen, 1982; Nielsen et al., 1981a,b;
Padawer, 1963, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1974; Padawer and Gordan, 1955; Rolich et al.,
1971a,b; Spicer, 1960; Stevens et al., 1983; Sullivan and Parker, 1979; Thon and Uvnas,
1966; Uvnas, 1974a,b,c, 1978; Yong, 1981). Our experience with rat mast cells is limited
(Login et al., 1987). For this reason and for historical ones, we will initially review rat
mast cell studies (including ultrastructural morphology, development in vivo and in vitro,
granule contents, anaphylactic degranulation, other secretory mechanisms, and recovery
from degranulation) as a unit, prior to review of similar areas of research with guinea pig
and human basophils and mouse and human mast cells.
Basophils and mast cells were initially identified by Ehrlich ( 1877, 1879) because of
1