Table Of ContentSpringer Series in Microbiology
Editor: Mortimer P. Starr
Basidium and Basidiocarp
Evolution, Cytology, Function,
and Development
Edited by
Kenneth Wells
Ellinor K. Wells
With Contributions by
G. W. Gooday, H. E. Gruen, T. Ishikawa, B. C. Lu,
D. 1. McLaughlin, F. Oberwinkler, C. Thielke, I. Uno
With 117 Illustrations
Springer-Verlag
New York Heidelberg Berlin
Kenneth Wells
Department of Botany
University of California
Davis, California 95616/USA
Ellinor K. Wells
803 Pine Lane
Davis, California 95616/USA
Series Editor:
Mortimer P. Starr
Department of Bacteriology
University of California
Davis, California 95616jUSA
Production: Kate Ormston
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Basidium and basidiocarp.
(Springer series in microbiology)
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Basidiomycetes. I. Wells, Kenneth, 1927-
II. Wells, E. K. III. Gooday, G. W., 1942-
IV. Series.
QK626.B37 589.2'2 81-14580 AACR2
© 1982 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1982
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even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such
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9 8 7 6 543 2 ]
ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-5679-3 e-ISBN-13 :978-1-4612-5677-9
DOT: 10.1007/978-1-4612-5677-9
Preface
The intent of this publication is to bring together reviews and discussions from
several disciplines, all treating the basidium and basidiocarp of the Basidiomy
cotina (= basidiomycetes), a subdivision of the true or higher fungi. Because the
workers who study the species of this group employ such a variety of techniques
and publish in such diverse journals, we believe that bringing together these
efforts in one publication will facilitate a synopsis of recent studies of several
divergent disciplines. Correlation of such information may not only aid in the
reevaluation of broad taxonomic and biological concepts but also provide a key to
the specialists in the rethinking of the data available within the confines of the
more restricted disciplines. We have attempted to cover the major areas of studies
of species of the Basidiomycotina within the past decade or so with the exception
of genetics and compatibility, which have recently been reviewed in several other
works.
A problem we have not been able to solve satisfactorily is the one of vocabulary.
Each discipline tends to develop its own language as it becomes increasingly
specialized, with time becoming unintelligible to the majority. We have tried
to alleviate this problem of terms but can not claim to have been completely
successful.
We are indebted to a great many people, but especially to the contributors.
They have been most patient and cooperative throughout. We also wish to thank
Mortimer Starr, as well as Kate Ormston and Mark Licker of Springer-Verlag,
for their advice and help.
We are most grateful for permission from Gustav Fisher Verlag to reproduce
Figures 1.S-2, 1.9-3, 1.10-4, and 1.10-6, from the Deutsche Botanische Gesell
schaft to reproduce Figures 1.16-1b and 1.16-3b, from the Deutsche Gesellschaft
fUr Mykologie to reproduce Figure 1.10-S, and from Verlag Ferdinand Berger
& S6hne Gesellschaft to reproduce Figures 1.16-2a, 1.16-2b, and 1.16-4b. Figures
2.13 and 2.1S are reproduced with the consent of the American Journal of Botany.
Figures 4.2, 4.3, and 4.6 are reproduced with the permission of the Genetics
Society of Canada, Figures 4.3, 4.8, and 4.14 with the permission of the Genetics
Society of America, and Figures 4.4, 4.10, 4.12, 4.1S, S.l, and portions of Table
S.1 with the permission of Springer-Verlag Heidelberg. The Microbiology
Research Foundation has authorized the reproduction of portions of Tables S.S
vi Preface
and 5.3; and the American Society for Microbiology has granted permission to
reproduce portions of Tables 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4. Finally Elsevier/North-Holland
Biomedical Press has granted permission to reproduce Figures 5.2 and 5.4, parts
of Figure 5.3 and portions of Table 5.5.
Davis, California Kenneth Wells
February, 1982 Ellinor K. Wells
Contents
Introduction .. 1
K. WELLS
References 6
Chapter 1
The Significance of the Morphology of the Basidium in the Phylogeny
of Basidiomycetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
F. OBERWINKLER
Introduction 9
Heterobasidiomycetes 10
Uredinales 12
Septobasidiales 12
Ustilaginales s. str. 15
Auriculariales 15
Tremellales 18
Holobasidiate Taxa 21
Basidiomycete Yeasts and Yeast-like Taxa 24
Homobasidiomycetes 28
References 34
Chapter 2
Ultrastructure and Cytochemistry of Basidial and Basidiospore
Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
D. J. McLAUGHLIN
Introduction 37
Basidial Initiation 38
Storage Product Accumulation 40
Wall Development in the Basidium 42
Basidial Septation 46
SterigmaI Initiation 48
viii Contents
Basidiospore Formation 49
Cytoplasmic Differentiation at the Septal Pore 53
Vacuolation of Maturing Basidia 54
Endomembrane System 55
Other Organelles 60
Experimental Control of Late Basidial Development 61
Materials and Methods 64
Summary and Conclusions 67
References 69
Chapter 3
Meiotic Divisions in the Basidium 75
C. THIELKE
Introduction 75
Methods 76
The Sequence of Meiosis 76
Discussion 85
References 90
Chapter 4
Replication of Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Crossing Over in Coprinus 93
B. C. Lu
Introduction 93
An Overview of the System 93
Pre meiotic DNA Replication 97
Genetic Recombination 99
Recombination, a Coordinated Program of the Meiotic Cell
Cycle 108
Concluding Remarks III
References III
Chapter 5
Biochemical and Genetic Studies on the Initial Events of Fruitbody
Formation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
I. UNO AND T. ISHIKAWA
Introduction 113
Detection of Fruitbody-Inducing Substance 113
Regulation of Cyclic AMP Level and Fruiting 115
Existence of Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases 117
Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism by Cyclic AMP 118
Possible Role of Cyclic AMP in Fruiting 120
References 122
Contents ix
Chapter 6
Control of Stipe Elongation by the Pileus and Mycelium in Fruitbodies
of Flammulina velutipes and Other Agaricales 125
H. E. GRUEN
Introduction 125
Role of the Pileus in Stipe Elongation of Agaricales 126
Relationship Between Stipe Elongation and the Mycelium 134
Plant Growth Regulators and Nucleotides in Relation to
Fruitbody Growth 135
Recent Studies on Flammulina velutipes 137
Discussion 149
References 152
Chapter 7
Metabolic Control of Fruitbody Morphogenesis in Coprinus cinereus . 157
G. W. GOODAY
Introduction 157
Materials and Methods 157
Results 158
Discussion 168
Concluding Remarks 172
References 172
Author Index 175
Subject Index .. 179
Contributors
GRAHAM W. GOODAY Department of Microbiology, University of Aberdeen,
Aberdeen AB9 lAS, Scotland, United Kingdom
HANS E. GRUEN Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan,
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N OWO, Canada
TATSUO ISHIKAWA Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Tokyo,
Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
BENJAMIN C. Lu Department of Botany and Genetics, University of
Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2Wl, Canada
DAVID J. McLAUGHLIN Department of Botany, University of Minnesota, St.
Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
FRANZ OBERWINKLER Chair for Special Botany and Botanical Garden, Uni
versity of Ttibingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-7400
Ttibingen, Federal Republic of Germany
CHARLOTTE THIELKE Institute for Plant Physiology and Cell Biology, Free
University of Berlin, Konigin-Luise Strasse l2-l6a,
D-1000 Berlin 33, Federal Republic of Germany
ISAO UNO Institute of Applied Microbiology, University of Tokyo,
Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
KENNETH WELLS Department of Botany, University of California, Davis,
California 95616, USA
Introduction
KENNETH WELLS
In recent years, scientific disciplines have become increasingly specialized. Not
only do specialists of a particular discipline tend to communicate only with those
of the same discipline, but investigators are inclined to fragment their contacts
still further along lines of investigative techniques. In mycology, no less than in
other sciences, subdivisions have developed that often parallel subsections of other
sciences or are generated by new investigative techniques. During the past two
decades, electron microscopy has made substantial contributions to fungal cytol
ogy; however, electron microscopic studies often ignore previous, and even current,
studies by light microscopy. The studies of the influence of pileus diffusate on
stipe elongation in several species of the Agaricales were influenced by the volu
minous papers dealing with hormonal control of plant coleoptile curvature and/
or elongation, especially those utilizing Avena coleoptiles. Often the isolation of
investigators is further fostered by the policies of journals and societies. While the
geometric increases of knowledge in many disciplines quite naturally dictate ever
increasing specialization, there is a need, as Andrews (1980) argues, for cross
discipline communication. There are significant advantages of peeking into the
backyards of others; possibly even a visit over the fence would be instructive for
many. It is the purpose of this volume to bring together reviews of several areas
of recent studies of the basidiomycetes, especially those of the basidium and of
the basidiocarp. The theme of this presentation is on the objects being studied by
several techniques of research.
Early investigations of the Basidiomycotina were mainly taxonomic in nature
(Ainsworth, 1976). Increases in the number of taxa and in the complexity of the
taxonomic systems stimulated, and improvements of the magnifying systems
made possible, a microscopic search for structures and features that would guide
the taxonomists to more natural classifying systems.
Leveille's (1837) clear descriptions and illustrations of the basidia and basi
diospores of several species of the Homobasidiomycetes were a most significant
advancement in both the taxonomy and cytology of the basidiomycetes. The clas
sical studies of Tulasne (1853), Tulasne and Tulasne (1871), and Brefeld (1888)
demonstrated the major basidial types in the Heterobasidiomycetes. These and
similar studies formed the basis for Patouillard's (1887, 1900) thesis that the pri
mary taxa of the basidiomycetes should be defined on the type of basidiospore
germination and on basidial morphology. Recently, several authors (Talbot, 1965,
