Basic Transport Phenomena in Materials Engineering

269 Pages·2014·4.417 MB·English

by  Manabu Iguchi, Olusegun J. Ilegbusi (auth.)

Manabu Iguchi · Olusegun J. Ilegbusi
Basic Transport
Phenomena
in Materials
Engineering
Basic Transport Phenomena in Materials
Engineering

Manabu Iguchi (cid:129) Olusegun J. Ilegbusi
Basic Transport Phenomena
in Materials Engineering
ManabuIguchi OlusegunJ.Ilegbusi
ProfessorEmeritus Professor
GraduateSchool DepartmentofMechanical,Materials
ofEngineering andAerospaceEngineering
DivisionofMaterialsScience UniversityofCentralFlorida
andEngineering Orlando,Florida,USA
HokkaidoUniversity
Sapporo,Japan
ISBN978-4-431-54019-9 ISBN978-4-431-54020-5(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-4-431-54020-5
SpringerTokyoHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013944231
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Preface
Transportphenomena,involvingfluidflow,heattransfer,andmasstransfer,playa
key role in the improvement of many materials processing operations. Examples
include gas-stirred ladles and reactors, blast furnaces, excess carbon dioxide
removal for an environmentally friendly steelmaking process, the floatation pro-
cess,fuelcells,microreactors,andthelike.Optimizationoftheseprocessesaswell
as development of new technology requires a fundamental understanding of the
transportphenomenainsuchsystems.Thisbookisaconcisecompilationofbasic
information and data targeted at the practicing materials engineer and scientist,
rather than an exhaustive treatment of the subject. It takes a holistic approach
augmentedwithdiagnosticexampleproblemsandsolutions.
Transport phenomena in materials processing systems are inherently complex
anddifficulttocharacterize.Thesystemcouldbesingleormultiphase,turbulentor
laminar,steadyorunsteady,orcoupledinvolvingconcurrentmultiplephenomena,
andmaycutacrossdimensionalscales.Eachofthesecomplexitiesmayinturnhave
peculiarities that require unique consideration. For example, a multiphase system
may comprise continuous and dispersed phases with interphase transport of
momentum,energy,andmasssuperimposedontheintraphasephenomena.Another
isaprocessinvolvingsimultaneousfluidflow,heattransfer,andchemicalreaction.
Thenatureoftheseinteractionsisnotyetfullyunderstoodandmayrequirecareful
experimentation to augment theory. This book provides guidance on the relevant
theoryandexperimentaltechniquesrequiredtounderstandsuchprocesses.
Inordertoimprovetheefficiencyofconventionalprocessesortodevelopnovel
ones, a fundamental knowledge of transport phenomena therefore is highly desir-
able for researchers and engineers engaged in materials processing operations.
Understanding the detailed transport phenomena in the reactor of materials pro-
cesses based on experimentation alone is difficult at present for the following
reasons:(i)theopacityofthematerialsuchasmoltenmetals;(ii)thehightempera-
ture of the molten material such as steel at 1,600 (cid:1)C; (iii) the complexity of
turbulent flows where they occur; (iv) coupled heat and mass transfer in many
cases; and (v) chemical reactions in certain situations. Mathematical modeling
therefore is often required to complement and, sometimes, to validate the
v
vi Preface
experimental findings. Formulating such mathematical models relies crucially on
understanding the underlying fundamental principles that are introduced in
thisbook.
Several new features are included in the book beyond the typical topics of
traditional transport phenomena. It takes a holistic approach by considering both
singleandmultiphasephenomena.Thereisadiscussiononflowandheattransferin
microscale systems, a relevant issue in the design of modern materials processes
including fuel cells. Both fundamental theory and experimental techniques are
presentedinthediscussion onmultiphaseflow,aswellasrepresentationofauxil-
iaryrelationshipssuchasturbulencemodelsandinterfacialphenomena.
This textbook is divided into four parts. Part I contains three chapters which
describe momentum transfer in single-phase systems. This part also includes
specialtytopicssuchasrheology,flowinporousmedia,theroleofsurfaceforces,
and microscale and nanoscale fluid mechanics. Part II has four chapters which
focusonheattransferinsingle-phasesystems.Itprovidesabriefdiscussionofthe
three modes of heat transfer, namely, conduction, convection, and radiation. Also
includedarephasetransformation,heattransfercorrelations,andnaturalandforced
convection. Part III has one chapter covering introduction to diffusion and mass
transfer, including processes occurring in homogeneous and porous media, and
mass transfer involving chemical reaction. Part IV has three chapters which are
devoted to momentum and heat transfer in multiphase flows. A variety of multi-
phase systems are considered including gas–liquid, solid–gas, and solid–liquid
processes. Experimental techniques and results are also presented. Each of the
four parts of the book includes example problems with solutions to assist student
learning. In addition, diagnostic problems are provided to assess student compre-
hensionofthematerialpresented.
Thesubjectoftransportphenomenaisquiteextensiveandthetreatmenthereis
by no means exhaustive. The reader is therefore referred to specialized texts on
each of the subtopics for further details. The authors hope, however, that both
graduate and undergraduate students will find this a useful introductory text on
transportphenomenainmaterialsprocessingoperationsaswellasinthedesignand
developmentofnovelsystems.Althoughthebookisaimedprimarilyatstudentsin
materialsscienceandengineering,itcouldalsoserveasausefulreferencetextfor
chemicalengineeringandmechanicalengineeringintroductorycoursesintransport
phenomena.
Sapporo,Japan ManabuIguchi
Orlando,USA OlusegunJ.Ilegbusi
Contents
Nomenclature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
PartI MomentumTransferInSingle-PhaseFlows
1 BasicPropertiesofFluidFlow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 3
1.2 FluidDefinitionandSomeProperties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 DefinitionofaFluid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.2 Density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.3 Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.4 Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3 Compressibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.1 BulkModulusofElasticity,K. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.2 SpeedofSound. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . 12
1.3.3 MachNumber. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . 12
1.4 Newton’sLawofViscosity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4.1 DynamicViscosity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4.2 NewtonianandNon-NewtonianFluid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.5 SurfaceEnergy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.5.1 SurfaceTensionandContactAngle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.5.2 CapillaryForce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
References. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 16
2 MomentumTransfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1 ConservationLaws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1.1 EquationofContinuity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1.2 Navier–Stoke’sEquation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2 InviscidFlowandBernoulliEquation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
vii
viii Contents
2.3 FlowRegime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3.1 Laminar–TurbulentTransition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3.2 ReverseTransition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3.3 InstantaneousVelocity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4 FlowinaPipe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4.1 FlowDevelopment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4.2 VelocityDistribution.. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . 32
2.4.3 PressureDrop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.4.4 FrictionCoefficient,λ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.4.5 HydraulicDiameter,D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
h
2.4.6 PipeElementsandLossCoefficient,ζ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.5 BoundaryLayerFlowonaFlatPlate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.5.1 LaminarFlow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.5.2 TurbulentFlow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.5.3 TransitionFlow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.6 FlowAroundaSolidBody. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.6.1 FlowAroundaSphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.6.2 FlowAroundaCircularCylinder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.6.3 PressureDragandDragCoefficient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.6.4 Karman’sVortexStreet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.7 DimensionalAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.7.1 LordRayleighMethod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.7.2 BuckinghamΠTheorem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.7.3 PhysicalMeaningofDimensionlessNumbers. . . . . . . . . . 66
References. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 69
3 SpecialTopicsinFluidMechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.1 Rheology. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . 71
3.1.1 DefinitionofRheology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.1.2 ClassificationofNon-NewtonianFluids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.1.3 ApparentDynamicViscosity,μ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
app
3.2 FlowinPorousMedia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.2.1 PackedBedorPackedColumn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.2.2 PressureDropinaPackedBed
withSphericalParticles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.2.3 ErgunEquation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.2.4 PressureDropinPackedBed
withNonsphericalParticles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.3 MicroscaleandNanoscaleFluidMechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.3.1 FlowinMicroReactor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.3.2 FluidFlowCharacteristicsinMicroReactor. . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.4 SurfaceForces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.4.1 RoleofSurfaceTensionForce. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 80
3.4.2 FlowControlinMicroReactors. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 81
3.4.3 Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
References. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 85
Contents ix
PartII Single-PhaseHeatTransfer
4 BasicPrinciplesofHeatTransfer. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 89
4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 89
4.1.1 Conduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.1.2 Convection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.1.3 Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.2 Conduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.3 Convection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.4 Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.5 HydrodynamicBoundaryLayerandThermal
BoundaryLayer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.6 RelevantDimensionlessNumbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
References. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 94
5 One-DimensionalHeatConduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.1 Fourier’sLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.2 Heat-TransferCoefficient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.3 HeatTransferThroughMultiplePlates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.3.1 Steady-StateConduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.3.2 CombinedConvectionandConduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.4 ConductionThroughaLongHollowCylinder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.4.1 Steady-StateConduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.4.2 CombinedConductionandConvection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.5 HeatTransferThroughCompositeHollowCylinder. . . . . . . . . . 102
5.5.1 Steady-StateConduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.5.2 CombinedConvectionandConduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
6 ConvectionHeatTransfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.1 ConvectionfromSphereandCircularCylinder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.1.1 NaturalConvection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.1.2 ForcedConvection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.2 ConvectionfromFlatPlate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.2.1 NaturalConvectionfromVerticalFlatPlate. . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.2.2 ForcedConvectionfromVerticalFlatPlate. . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.2.3 ForcedConvectionfromHorizontalFlatPlate. . . . . . . . . 114
6.3 PhaseTransformation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
6.3.1 SolidificationandMelting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
6.3.2 BoilingHeatTransfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
References. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 121
7 RadiationHeatTransfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.1 BasicDefinitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.2 Stefan–BoltzmannLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.3 GrayBodyRadiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
7.4 RadiationBetweenTwoBlackBodies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125