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Tenth Edition
Basic Statistics
Tales of Distributions
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Tenth Edition
Basic Statistics
Tales of Distributions
Chris Spatz
Hendrix College
Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain
United Kingdom • United States
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Basic Statistics: Tales of Distributions, © 2011, Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Tenth Edition
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
Chris Spatz
herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by
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ISBN-13: 978-0-495-80891-6
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Paper Edition:
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About the Author
ChrisSpatzisatHendrixCollegewherehetwiceservedaschairofthe
Psychology Department. Spatz, whose Ph.D. degree is in experimental
psychology from Tulane University, was awarded postdoctoral
fellowshipsinanimalbehaviorattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,
and the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. He held faculty
positionsatTheUniversityoftheSouthandtheUniversityofArkansas,
Monticello.
Spatz is a co-author of Research Methods in Psychology: Ideas,
Techniques,and Reports (with Edward P. Kardas).He wrote the chapter
on statistical techniques and analysis for 21st Century Psychology:
AReference Handbookand was a section editior for the four-volume work
Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science. He has contributed
chapters and entries to other references works and serves as a manuscript
reviewer for journals that focus on teaching.
Spatz is married to Thea Siria Spatz; they have three children and seven
grandchildren. Besides writing, Spatz enjoys outdoor activities such as canoeing,
camping, and gardening, especially with family members. He swims several times a
week and is active in the United Methodist Church.
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With love and affection,
this textbook is dedicated to
Thea Siria Spatz, Ed.D., CHES.
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Brief Contents
Preface xv
1 Introduction 1
2 Exploring Data: Frequency Distributions and Graphs 24
3 Exploring Data: Central Tendency 40
4 Exploring Data: Variability 54
5 Other Descriptive Statistics 71
6 Correlation and Regression 87
7 Theoretical Distributions Including the Normal Distribution 124
8 Samples, Sampling Distributions, and Confidence Intervals 146
9 Hypothesis Testing and Effect Size: One-Sample Designs 172
10 Hypothesis Testing, Effect Size, and Confidence Intervals:
Two-Sample Designs 196
11 Analysis of Variance: One-Way Classification 228
12 Analysis of Variance: One-Factor Repeated Measures 256
13 Analysis of Variance: Factorial Design 268
14 Chi Square Tests 300
15 More Nonparametric Tests 323
16 Choosing Tests and Writing Interpretations 350
Appendixes
A Arithmetic and Algebra Review 365
B Grouped Frequency Distributions and Central Tendency 379
C Tables 384
D Glossary of Words 405
E Glossary of Symbols 409
F Glossary of Formulas 411
G Answers to Problems 418
References 473
Index 480
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Contents
Preface xv
chapter 1 Introduction 1
What Do You Mean, “Statistics”? 2
clue to the future 5
What’s in It for Me? 5
Some Terminology 6
Problems and Answers 8
Scales of Measurement 10
Statistics and Experimental Design 12
Experimental Design Variables 13
Statistics and Philosophy 15
Statistics: Then and Now 16
How to Analyze a Data Set 17
Helpful Features of This Book 17
Computers, Calculators, and Pencils 19
Concluding Thoughts for This Introductory Chapter 20
Additional Help for Chapter 1 22
Key Terms 22
transition passage to descriptive
statistics 23
chapter 2 Exploring Data: Frequency
Distributions and Graphs
24
Simple Frequency Distributions 26
error detection 27
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Contents ■ ix
Grouped Frequency Distributions 28
Graphs of Frequency Distributions 30
Describing Distributions 34
The Line Graph 36
More on Graphics 36
A Moment to Reflect 37
Additional Help for Chapter 2 38
Key Terms 39
chapter 3 Exploring Data: Central Tendency 40
clue to the future 41
Measures of Central Tendency 41
Finding Central Tendency of Simple Frequency Distributions 44
error detection 46
error detection 47
When to Use the Mean, Median, and Mode 47
Determining Skewness from the Mean and Median 49
The Weighted Mean 50
Estimating Answers 51
Additional Help for Chapter 3 53
Key Terms 53
chapter 4 Exploring Data: Variability 54
The Range 56
Interquartile Range 56
The Standard Deviation 58
The Standard Deviation as a Descriptive Index
of Variability 58
error detection 59
error detection 61
error detection 63
sˆ as an Estimate of s 64
error detection 67
clue to the future 67
The Variance 68
