Basic Sciences in Anesthesia

641 Pages·2018·2.87 MB·English

by  Ehab Farag

Ehab Farag · Maged Argalious
John E. Tetzlaff · Deepak Sharma
Editors
Basic Sciences
in Anesthesia
123
Basic Sciences in Anesthesia
Ehab Farag
Maged Argalious
John E. Tetzlaff
Deepak Sharma
Editors
Basic Sciences in
Anesthesia
Editors
Ehab Farag Maged Argalious
Departments of General Anesthesia and Outcomes Center for Anesthesiology Education, Anesthesiology
Research, Anesthesiology Institute Institute
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
Western University Cleveland, OH, USA
Cleveland, OH, USA
Deepak Sharma
John E. Tetzlaff Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine
Department of General Anesthesia, Anesthesiology University of Washington
Institute Seattle, WA, USA
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case
Western Reserve University
Cleveland, OH, USA
ISBN 978-3-319-62065-7 ISBN 978-3-319-62067-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62067-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017960173
© Springer International Publishing AG 2018
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V
Thanks to my mother, my late father, and my brother and his family for their help, support, and prayers.
Ehab Farag
Thanks to my parents whose passion for research and scientific discovery proved to be contagious.
Thanks to my wife Nermine for her unrelenting faith, her unconditional love, and her impressive
emotional intelligence.
Thanks to my children Daniel and Sandra, for their cheerful and joyous personalities and their
genuine love of family.
Maged Argalious
Thanks to my wife, Susan, for her patience and tolerance of my late nights that were part of my participation
in this project.
John E. Tetzlaff
My sincerest thanks to my parents Mrs. Renu and Col. PC Sharma, my teachers, and my dear wife Madhu and
daughters Deeya and Drishti for their constant support, love, and encouragement.
Deepak Sharma
Preface
The basic sciences are the essence of anesthesiol- successful study. Every chapter highlights key top-
ogy. Therefore, the American Board of Anesthesi- ics and includes questions testing comprehension
ology (ABA) includes an examination on the basic of the respective subject matter. Moreover, sug-
sciences for the ABA certification. The lack of a gested references are included for further research
specific book dedicated to the basic sciences in in the basic sciences.
anesthesiology has driven us to compose this
book. We tried our best to follow the syllabus of We would like to thank our colleagues for their
the ABA basic sciences examination in order to hard work and dedication in writing the book. In
create an accurate resource for study. The motto of addition, we would like to thank Ms. Maureen
this book is to follow Alexander Pope’s advice in K.  Pierce and Joanna Renwick from Springer
1709: "A little learning is a dangerous thing; drink International Publishing for their perseverance
deep, or taste not the Pierian spring: there shallow during the process.
droughts intoxicate the brain, and drinking largely
sobers us again." This message is still relevant At the end, we hope this book will be helpful in
today in the field of anesthesiology. preparing for the ABA basic science examination
as well as serve as a tool for practicing anesthesi-
The content of each chapter of the book is presented ologists who would like to refresh their knowledge
in a comprehensive manner and is conducive for in basic sciences.
Ehab Farag
Maged Argalious
John E. Tetzlaff
Cleveland, USA
Deepak Sharma
Seattle, USA
VII
Contents
I Applied Anatomy
1 Peripheral Nerve Block Anesthesia ..................................................................................................................... 3
Sree Kolli and Loran Mounir Soliman
2 Central Neuraxial Anatomy and Anesthetic Application
(Central Neuraxial Blockade) ................................................................................................................................... 17
Nathan J. Harrison, Laurie S. Daste, Gary S. McDaniel Jr, Matthew E. Patterson,
and Maged Guirguis
3 Anatomy of the Brain and Spinal Cord.............................................................................................................. 41
Matthew K. Whalin and Sona Shah Arora
4 Anatomy of the Airway/Airway Management ............................................................................................. 61
Sekar S. Bhavani and Basem Abdelmalak
II Pharmacology
5 Pharmacology: General Concepts ........................................................................................................................ 95
Yaqi Hu and Kamal Maheshwari
6 Pharmacology of Non-opioid Intravenous Anesthetics ........................................................................ 107
Mohamed Abdalla
7 P harmacology of Opioids .......................................................................................................................................... 123
Juan P. Cata and Shreyas P. Bhavsar
8 Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Acting at the Neuromuscular Junction. .................................. 139
J. Ross Renew, Sorin J. Brull, and Mohammed Naguib
9 Pharmacology of Local and Neuraxial Anesthetics .................................................................................. 161
Hesham Elsharkawy and Sree Kolli
10 Pharmacology of Inhaled Anesthetics .............................................................................................................. 177
Elizabeth Demers Lavelle and Swamy Kurra
11 Cardiovascular Anatomy and Pharmacology ............................................................................................... 195
Maria Bauer
12 R espiratory Pharmacology ....................................................................................................................................... 229
Ahmad Maher Adi
13 R enal Pharmacology ..................................................................................................................................................... 239
Sekar S. Bhavani
14 Pharmacology of Anticoagulants, Antithrombotics, and Antiplatelet Drugs ........................ 249
G. Burkhard Mackensen
15 Perioperative Intravenous Fluid Therapy ....................................................................................................... 259
Marta Kelava, David S. Youssef, and Maged Argalious
V III Contents
III Physiology
16 Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems ........................................................................................................ 271
Jia W. Romito, Ravi Bhoja, and David L. McDonagh
17 C ardiovascular Physiology ....................................................................................................................................... 299
Sandeep Khanna
18 Respiratory System Physiology ............................................................................................................................. 329
Siddharth Pawan Dugar, Mani Latifi, and Eduardo Mireles-Cabodevila
19 Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System ........................................................................................... 355
Brian K. Johnson
20 Physiology of Temperature Control .................................................................................................................... 365
Kurt Ruetzler and Andrea Kurz
21 G astrointestinal/Hepatic Physiology ................................................................................................................. 373
Allen Keebler
22 R enal Physiology ............................................................................................................................................................. 379
Reem Khatib
23 Physiology of the Endocrine System and Metabolic
Complications in Anesthesia ................................................................................................................................... 405
Michael Erin Schoor and Shaheen Shaikh
IV Anesthetic Management Topics
24 Preoperative Evaluation of Patients Undergoing Non- cardiac Surgery .................................... 429
Elizabeth A. M. Frost and Daniel Katz
25 P remedication ................................................................................................................................................................... 441
Kenneth C. Cummings III
26 Monitored Anesthesia Care ...................................................................................................................................... 451
Ihab Adly Riad and Basem Abdelmalak
27 B lood Products Transfusion ..................................................................................................................................... 465
Jacek B. Cywinski
28 C omplications in Anesthesia ................................................................................................................................... 483
Fenghua Li and Parikshith Sumathi
29 The Postoperative Period .......................................................................................................................................... 505
Verghese T. Cherian
30 Perioperative Pain Management .......................................................................................................................... 515
Juan P. Cata and Javier D. Lasala
31 Special Problems in Anesthesia. ............................................................................................................................ 527
John E. Tetzlaff
IX
Contents
V Physics in Anesthesia
32 The Anesthesia Machine. ............................................................................................................................................ 539
Mark Teen, Theresa Barnes, and Ehab Farag
33 Physical Measurements in Anesthesia .............................................................................................................. 565
Anthony James Cartwright and D. John Doyle
34 B reathing Systems .......................................................................................................................................................... 587
Jack Buckley and Myroslav Figura
35 P hysics of Instrumentation ....................................................................................................................................... 597
Verghese T. Cherian and Arne O. Budde
36 Electrical Safety in the Operating Room ......................................................................................................... 613
D. John Doyle
37 M echanical Ventilation ................................................................................................................................................ 627
Aaron J. Douglas
38 Statistics Made Simple: Introduction to Biostatistics and Research
Design for the Anesthesiologist ............................................................................................................................ 637
Edward J. Mascha
Contributors
Mohamed Abdalla, MD Sekar S. Bhavani, MD, MS, FRCS(I)
Department of Anesthesiology Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic
of Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH, USA
Cleveland, OH, USA [email protected]; [email protected]
Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology
Shreyas P. Bhavsar, DO
Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic
Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative
Cleveland, OH, USA
Medicine, Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care
[email protected]
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
Houston, TX, USA
Basem Abdelmalak, MD
[email protected]
Anesthesia for Bronchoscopic Surgery Center for Sedation
Departments of General Anesthesiology and Outcomes
Ravi Bhoja, MD
Research, Cleveland Clinic
Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management
Cleveland, OH, USA
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
[email protected]
Dallas, TX, USA
[email protected]
Maged Argalious
Center for Anesthesiology Education
Sorin J. Brull, MD, FCARCSI (Hon)
Anesthesiology Institute
Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
Medicine
Cleveland, OH, USA
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
[email protected]
Jacksonville, FL, USA
[email protected]
Ahmad Maher Adi, MD
Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology and
Jack Buckley, MD
Critical Care, Cleveland Clinic
Department of Anesthesiology
Cleveland, OH, USA
UCLA Medical Center
[email protected]
Los Angeles, California, USA
[email protected]
Sona Shah Arora, MD
Department of Anesthesiology
Arne O. Budde, MD, DEAA
Emory University School of Medicine
Department of Anesthesiology
Grady Memorial Hospital
and Perioperative Medicine
Atlanta, GA, USA
Penn State Health, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
[email protected]
Hershey, PA, USA
[email protected]
Theresa Barnes, MD, MPH
Department of Anesthesiology
Anthony James Cartwright, MB, ChB, MRCS
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
(Eng.), FRCA
Cleveland, OH, USA
Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi
[email protected], [email protected]
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
[email protected]
Maria Bauer, MD
Department of Anesthesiology
Juan P. Cata, MD
and Critical Care Medicine
Department of Anesthesiology
The Johns Hopkins Hospital
and Perioperative Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA
The University of Texas – MD Anderson Cancer Center
[email protected]; [email protected]
Anesthesiology and Surgical Oncology Research Group
Houston, TX, USA
[email protected]; [email protected]