Table Of ContentBasic Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
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Basic Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
First Year
Punjab Technical University
Subject Code: BTEE-101
S. K. Bhattacharya
Former Director, National Institute of Technical Teachers’
Training and Research, Government of India
Kolkata and Chandigarh
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Dedicated to my wife, Sumita,
without whose patience and encouragement
this work could not have been completed.
Copyright © 2012 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd
Licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia
No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the publisher’s
prior written consent.
This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version. The publisher reserves
the right to remove any material present in this eBook at any time.
ISBN 9788131767863
eISBN 9788131798690
Head Office: A-8(A), Sector 62, Knowledge Boulevard, 7th Floor, NOIDA 201 309, India
Registered Office: 11 Local Shopping Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110 017, India
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Contents
Preface xiii
About the Author xv
Roadmap to the Syllabus xvii
1. DC Circuits 1.1
1.1 Introduction 1.1
1.2 Electrical Circuit Elements 1.1
1.2.1 Resistors 1.2
1.2.2 Inductors 1.2
1.2.3 Capacitors 1.2
1.3 DC Network Terminologies and Circuit Fundamentals 1.3
1.3.1 Network Terminologies 1.4
1.3.2 Voltage and Current Sources 1.5
1.3.3 Source Transformation 1.7
1.3.4 Series–Parallel Circuits 1.8
1.3.5 Voltage and Current Divider Rules 1.11
1.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws 1.14
1.4.1 Kirchhoff’s Current Law 1.14
1.4.2 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 1.15
1.4.3 Applying KCL and KVL 1.16
1.5 Solving Circuit Problems Using Kirchhoff’s Laws 1.19
1.5.1 Solving Simultaneous Equations Using Cramer’s Rule 1.19
1.5.2 Evaluating Determinants 1.20
1.5.3 Mesh Current Analysis Method 1.21
1.5.4 Node Voltage Analysis Method 1.24
1.6 Star–Delta Conversion 1.33
1.6.1 Transforming Relations for Delta to Star 1.33
1.6.2 Transforming Relations for Star to Delta 1.35
1.6.3 Network Simplifi cation Using Star–Delta Transformation 1.37
1.7 Computation of Resistance at Constant
Temperature and at Different Temperatures 1.48
1.7.1 Resistance and Resistivity 1.48
1.7.2 Computation of Resistance at Constant Temperature 1.49
1.7.3 Computation of Resistance at Different Temperatures 1.51
1.8 Ohm’s Law—Statement, Illustration and Limitation 1.56
1.8.1 Statement of Ohm’s Law 1.56
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vi Contents
1.8.2 Illustration of Ohm’s Law 1.56
1.8.3 Limitations of Ohm’s Law 1.57
1.9 Work, Power and Energy 1.57
1.9.1 Concept of Mass, Weight, Force and Torque 1.57
1.9.2 Concept of Work, Power and Energy 1.58
1.9.3 Units of Work, Power and Energy 1.59
1.10 DC Transients 1.64
1.10.1 Introduction 1.64
1.10.2 Transient in R–L Series Circuit 1.64
1.10.3 Transient in R–C Series Circuit 1.68
1.11 Review Questions 1.73
2. AC Fundamentals and Circuits 2.1
2.1 Introduction 2.1
2.2 Generation of Alternating Electro-motive
Force (EMF) 2.3
2.3 Concept of Three-phase EMF Generation 2.4
2.3.1 Advantages of Three-phase Systems 2.5
2.3.2 Generation of Three-phase Voltages 2.6
2.3.3 Terms Used in Three-phase Systems and Circuits 2.9
2.4 Concept of Peak, Root Mean Square and Average
Values of Alternating Quantity 2.9
2.4.1 Concept of Frequency, Cycle, Time Period,
Instantaneous Value, Average Value and
Maximum or Peak Value 2.9
2.4.2 Peak Value, Average Value and Root
Mean Square Value of an Alternating Quantity 2.11
2.4.3 RMS and Average Values of Half-wave-rectifi ed
Alternating Quantity 2.15
2.5 Phasor Representation of Alternating Quantities 2.19
2.5.1 Concept of Phase and Phase Difference 2.19
2.5.2 Phasor Representation of Alternating Quantities 2.21
2.6 Analysis of AC Circuits 2.23
2.6.1 Single-phase AC Circuits 2.23
2.6.2 AC Applied Across a Pure Resistor 2.23
2.6.3 AC Applied Across a Pure Inductor 2.25
2.6.4 AC Applied Across a Pure Capacitor 2.27
2.7 Representation of Alternating Quantities in Rectangular
and Polar Form 2.31
2.7.1 Use of Phasor Algebra 2.31
2.7.2 Signifi cance of Operator J 2.31
2.7.3 Addition and Subtraction of Phasor Quantities 2.32
2.7.4 Representation of Alternating
Quantities in Rectangular and Polar Forms 2.34
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Contents vii
2.8 Introduction to Resistive, Inductive and Capacitive
Circuits and their Series and Parallel Combinations 2.37
2.8.1 Introduction 2.37
2.8.2 R–L Series Circuit 2.38
2.8.3 R–C Series Circuit 2.42
2.8.4 R–L–C Series Circuit 2.44
2.8.5 AC Parallel Circuits 2.46
2.8.6 AC Series–Parallel Circuits 2.67
2.9 Resonance in AC Circuits 2.75
2.9.1 Resonance in AC Series Circuit 2.75
2.9.2 Resonance in AC Parallel Circuits 2.84
2.10 Analysis of Balanced Three-phase
System with Star–Delta Connection 2.90
2.10.1 Star Connection 2.90
2.10.2 Delta Connection 2.91
2.10.3 Relationship of Line and Phase Voltages
and Currents in a Star-connected System 2.92
2.10.4 Relationship of Line and Phase Voltages
and Currents in a Delta-connected System 2.93
2.10.5 Active and Reactive Power 2.95
2.10.6 Comparison Between Star Connection
and Delta Connection 2.95
2.11 Review Questions 2.102
3. Magnetic Circuits and Transformers 3.1
3.1 Introduction 3.1
3.1.1 Magnets and Magnetic Fields 3.1
3.1.2 Magnetic Circuits 3.3
3.1.3 Magnetic Flux Density 3.7
3.1.4 Magnetic Field Strength 3.7
3.1.5 Permeability 3.8
3.1.6 Relative Permeability 3.9
3.1.7 Magnetization Curve of a Magnetic Material 3.10
3.1.8 Hysteresis Loss and Eddy Current Loss
in Magnetic Materials 3.10
3.1.9 Comparison Between Magnetic and Electric Circuits 3.12
3.1.10 Series and Parallel Magnetic and Electric Circuits 3.13
3.2 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 3.23
3.2.1 Magnetic Field Around a Current-carrying Conductor 3.24
3.2.2 Magnetic Field Around a Coil 3.25
3.3 Interaction of Current-carrying Conductor
and Coil with Magnetic Field 3.26
3.3.1 A Current-carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field 3.26
3.3.2 A Current-carrying Coil in a Magnetic Field 3.27
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viii Contents
3.4 Laws of Electromagnetic Induction 3.28
3.4.1 Faraday’s Laws 3.28
3.4.2 Lenz’s Law 3.28
3.4.3 Applications of Faraday’s Laws 3.29
3.5 Self-inductance of a Coil 3.33
3.6 Mutual Inductance and Coeffi cient of Coupling 3.35
3.6.1 Concept of Mutual Inductance Due to Magnetic
Coupling of Coils 3.35
3.6.2 Mutual Inductance and the Use of Dot Convention 3.41
3.7 Transformers 3.44
3.7.1 Construction Details and Working Principles 3.45
3.7.2 EMF Equation 3.49
3.7.3 Transformer on No-load 3.50
3.7.4 Transformer on Load 3.52
3.7.5 Transformer Circuit Parameters and Equivalent Circuit 3.52
3.8 Voltage Regulation 3.56
3.9 Effi ciency of a Transformer 3.58
3.9.1 Determination of Effi ciency and Voltage Regulation 3.62
3.9.2 Applications of Transformers 3.64
3.10 Review Questions 3.78
4. Rotating Electric Machines 4.1
4.1 Introduction 4.1
4.1.1 DC Machines—Principle of Working 4.1
4.1.2 Functions of Brush and Commutator in a DC Generator 4.2
4.1.3 Function of Brush and Commutator in Motoring Action 4.4
4.1.4 Construction Details 4.5
4.1.5 EMF Equation of a DC Machine 4.8
4.1.6 Types of DC Machines 4.10
4.1.7 Characteristics of DC Generators 4.11
4.1.8 Applications of DC Generators 4.13
4.1.9 Operation of a DC Machine as a Motor 4.14
4.1.10 Starting a DC Motor 4.15
4.1.11 Speed Control Methods of DC Motors 4.16
4.1.12 Types and Characteristics of DC Motors 4.17
4.1.13 Losses and Effi ciency 4.20
4.1.14 Applications of DC Machines 4.22
4.2 Three-phase Induction Motors 4.29
4.2.1 Constructional Details 4.30
4.2.2 Windings and Pole Formation 4.30
4.2.3 Production of Rotating Magnetic Field 4.34
4.2.4 Principle of Working 4.35
4.2.5 Losses in Induction Motors 4.39
4.2.6 Torque Equation 4.39
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Contents ix
4.2.7 Torque–Slip Characteristic 4.42
4.2.8 Starting of Induction Motors 4.45
4.2.9 Speed Control Methods of Induction Motors 4.46
4.2.10 Determination of Effi ciency 4.48
4.2.11 Applications of Induction Motors 4.49
4.3. Synchronous Machines—Generator and Motors 4.54
4.3.1 Constructional Details of Synchronous Machines 4.54
4.3.2 Induced EMF in a Synchronous Machine 4.59
4.3.3 No-load Characteristics of a Synchronous Generator 4.61
4.3.4 Synchronous Generator on Load—Load Characteristics 4.62
4.3.5 Voltage Regulation of a Synchronous Generator 4.64
4.3.6 Determination of Voltage Regulation
of a Synchronous Generator 4.65
4.3.7 Synchronous Motor 4.68
4.4 Review Questions 4.71
5. Transducers 5.1
5.1 Introduction 5.1
5.2 Classifi cation of Transducers 5.1
5.3 Characteristics of a Transducer 5.3
5.4 Linear Variable Differential Transformer 5.3
5.4.1 Working Principle 5.3
5.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of LVD Transducers 5.4
5.4.3 Applications of LVDT 5.5
5.5 Strain Gauge Transducer 5.5
5.6 Thermistors 5.7
5.7 Introduction and Applications of Multimeters 5.8
5.7.1 Types of Multimeters 5.8
5.7.2 A Basic Analog Multimeter 5.8
5.7.3 Digital Multimeter 5.10
5.7.4 Applications of a Digital Multimeter 5.14
5.7.5 Advantages of Using a Digital Multimeter 5.14
5.7.6 Precautions to be Taken While Using a Multimeter 5.14
5.8 Review Questions 5.15
6. Semiconductor Devices 6.1
6.1 Introduction 6.1
6.2 Review of Atomic Theory 6.2
6.3 Binding Forces Between Atoms
in Semiconductor Materials 6.3
6.4 Extrinsic Semiconductors 6.4
6.4.1 N-Type Semiconductor Material 6.4
6.4.2 P-Type Semiconductor Material 6.5
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