Basic Data on Anthropometric Measurementsand Angular Measurementsof the Hip and ...

76 Pages·2000·4.34 MB·English

Data from the Series 11
NATIONAL HEALTH SURVEY Number 219
Basic Data on Anthropometric
Measurementsand Angular
Measurementsof the Hip and
KneeJointsfor SelectedAge Groups
1-74 Years of Age
United States, 1971-1975
Presents findings of the first National Health and Nutrition Exami-
nation Survey on body measurements and angular measurements of
the hip and knee joints of the U.S. population, 1-74 years of age,
by age, sex, and race, 1971-75. Smoothed percentile distributions
of selected body measurements (triceps and subscapular skinfolds,
and upper arm girth) attained at specific chronoIogic ages from 2 to
18 years are aIso presented.
DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 81-1669
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN RESOURCES
Public Health Service
Office of the Health Research, Statistics and Technology
National Center for Health Statistics
Hyattsville, Md. April 1981
NATIONAL CEN1-ERFOR HEALTH STATISTICS
DOROTHY P. RICE, Directot-
ROBERT A. ISRAEL, Deputy Director
JACOB J. FELDMAN, Ph.D., Associate Director for Analysis and Epidemiology
GAIL F. FISHER, Ph.D., Associate Directo,rfor the Cooperative Health Statistics System
GARRIE J. LOSEE, Associate Director for Data Processing and Services
ALVAN O. ZARATE, Ph.D., Assistant Director for International Statistics
E. EARL BRYANT, Associate DirectoiVfor Interview and Examination Statistics
ROBERT C. HUBER, Associate Director for Management
MONROE G. SIRKEN, Ph.D.j Associate Director for Research and Methodology
PETER L. HURLEY, Associate Director for Vital and Health Care Statistics
ALICE HAYWOOI), Information Officer
DIVISION OF HEALTH EXAMINATION STATISTICS
R(JBERT soM~[RpHy, Director
MARY GRACE KOVAR, Acting Deputy Director
SIDNEY ABRAHAM, ChieJ Ah&itional Statistics Branch
KURT R. MAURER, Acting Chie$ Survey Planning and Development Branch
DIVISION OF DIATA SERVICES
PHILLIP R. BEATTIE, Director
DAVID L. LARSON, Acting Chie~ Health Examination Field Operations Branch
COOPERATION OF THE U.S.BUREAU OF THECENSUS
In accordance with specifications established by the National Center for Health Statistics, the
Bureau of the Census, under acontracturd agreement, participated inthe designandselection of
the sample, and carried out the first stage of the field interviewing and certain parts of the
statistical processing.
Vital and Health Statistics-Series 11-No. 219
DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 81-1669
Libra~ of Congress Catalog Card Akmber 80-607765
—-...-—.-. .--.— ..—
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data I
I
Main entry under title:
Basic data on anthropometry and angular measurements of the hip and knee joints, for se-
lected groups 1-74 years of age, United States, 1971-1975.
(Vital and health statistics : Series 11, Data from the National Health Survey ;no. 219)
(DHHS publication ;no. (PHS) 81-1669)
Includes bibliographical references.
Supt. of Dots. no.: HE 20.6209:11/219
1. Anthropometry–United States. 2. Hip joint. 3. Knee. I. Johnson, Clifford L.
II. Series: United States. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital and health statistics :
Series 11, Data from the National Health Survey, Data from the health examination survey ;
no. 219. III. Series: United States. Dept. of Health and Human Services. DHHS publica-
tion ;no. (PHS) 81-1669.
RA407.3.A347 no. 219 [GN58.U5] 312’.0723s [573’.6]
ISBN 0-8406 -0201-4 80-607765
PREFACE
The National Center for Health Statistics has as its mission the collection,
analysis, and dissemination of data on the health of the population of the United
States. One of the major programs is the National Health Examination Survey, in
which extensive examinations of a sample of the U.S. population are conducted.
Data from this survey have been published periodically in Series 11 reports of
Vital and Health Statistics.
Historically, the published documents in Series 11 present only a small frac-
tion of the availabl: data. In order to make additional data available for users, the
Center has for many years had apolicy of preparing public use tapes for purchase
by persons interested in more detailed analysis or analysis of additional variables
not published in Series 11 reports. However, these data are only accessible to per-
sons with computers and support staff who can read, interpret, and analyze the
data. In order to make these data more generally accessible to many users and, in
particular, to persons not able to directly use data tapes, the Division of Health
Examination Statistics, in the autumn of 1977, initiated a program to release,
along with the data tapes, basic descriptive summary tables of data contained in
those tapes. These tabular summaries have been termed “basic data publications,”
of which this report is one.
These basic data publications present findings of the first National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey of 1971-75. For each of the data sets, these publi-
cations include information on the methods used to collect the data, a descriptive
summary of the tables included, an index to the tables, and the tables themselves.
An appendix describes the basic format of the associated data tape. More detailed
information on use of the data for additional analysis is avaiIable on request from
the staff of the Division of Health Examination Statistics.
...
(11
CONTENTS
Preface ................................................................................................................................................... . iii
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1
Methods ................................................................................................................................................. 2
Anthropometric Measurements ......................................................................................................... 2
Goniometic Measurements ............................................................................................................... 3
Fmdin@ ................................................................................................................................................. 3
Anthropometric Measurements ......................................................................................................... 3
Goniometric Measurements ............................................................................................................... 9
References .......................................................................................................................................... .... 14
List of Detailed Tables ........................................................................................................................... 15
Ap.p.endixes
I. Statistical Notes ........................................................................................................................ 52
II. Demographic Terms .................................................................................................................. 60
III. Data Tape Summary ................................................................................................................. 61
Iv. Meswring Procedures andDefinitions ....................................................................................... 64
LIST OF FIGURES
1. Mediantriceps skinfold for persons ages 1-74 years, by ageand sex: United States, 1971-74......... 4
2. Median triceps skinfold for persons ages 1-74 years, by age, race, and sex: United
States, 1971.74 ............................................................................................................................ 5
3. Mediansubscapular skinfold for persons ages 1-74 years, by ageand sex: United States, 1971 -74.. 6
4. Median subscapular sldnfold for persons ages 1-74 years, by age, race, snd sex: United States,
1971-74 ........................................................................................................................................ 6
5. Smoothed percentiles of triceps skinfold for boys ages 2-18 years, by age: United States,
1963-65, 1966-70, and 1971-74 .................................................................................................. 8
6. Smoothed percentiles of triceps skinfold for girls ages 2-18 years, by age: United States,
1963-65, 1966-70, and 1971-74 .................................................................................................. 9
7. Smoothed percentiles of subscapular skinfold for boys ages 2-18 years, by age: United States,
1963-65, 1966-70, and 1971-74 .................................................................................................. 10
8. Smoothed percentiles of subscapular skinfold for girls ages 2-18 years, by age: United States,
196S-65, 1966-70, and 1971-74 .................................................................................................. 11
9. Smoothed percentiles of upper arm girth for boys ages 2-18 years, by age: United States,
1963-65, 1966-70, and 1971-74 .................................................................................................. 12
10. Smoothed percendfes of upper arm girth for girls agrs 2-18 years, by age: United States,
1963-65, 1966-70, and 1971-74 .................................................................................................. 13
SYME30LS
Datanot available-----–----— ------------------ ---
Category not applicable ------------------------ ...
Quantity zero---------------------------------------- -
Quantity more than Obut lessthan 0.05----- 0.0
Figuredoes not meet standards of
*
reliabilityy or precision------------------------
vi
Basic Data on Anthropometric Measurements and Angular
Measurements of the Hip and Knee Joints
For Selected Age Groups 1-74 Years of Age
Clifford L.Johnson, M.S.PH., Robinson Fulwood, M.S.PH., Sidney Abraham, and
Janet D. Bryner, Division of Health Examination Statistics
INTRODUCTION years (Cycle 111).If the reader is interested in
acquiring any of these reports, the Current
Listing and Topical Index to the Vital and
This report presents findings on anthropo- Health Statistics Series 1962-19773 should be
metnc and goniometric measurements from the consulted.
first National Health and Nutrition Examination The age, sex, and race distribution of the
Survey, 1971-75. The survey, conducted by the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population at
Division of Health Examination Statistics of the the midpoint of the survey and the distribution
National Center for Health Statistics, was de- of the probability sample drawn from it arepre-
signed to collect data by direct examination of sented in appendix 1.AIso in appendix I, the sta-
probability samples of the U.S. civilian noninsti- tistical design for the first National Health and
tutionalized population 1-74 years. Data in- Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) and
cluded measures of nutritional status asweIl as the reliability of the estimates arediscussed. An
an assessmentof hezdth and medical care needs. illustration of the use of the standard error esti-
The sample persons were examined in spe- mates and aformula for approximating standard
cially constructed mobile examination centers errors for estimates shown in the body measure-
that were moved from location to location ment tables of this report are also presented in
around the country. The field teams included appendix I.
professional and paraprofessionzd mediczd and The definitions of certain demographic
dental examiners and technicians, interviewers, terms used in this report are found in appen-
and other staff who traveled to various loca- dix II. A summary of the anthropometic and
tions. A detailed description of the specific con- goniometric contents of the microdata tape used
tent and plan of operation of the survey, in- in preparation of this report is found in appen-
cluding the sample design and forms used to col- dix 111.Microdata tapes, including the one from
lect the data, hasbeen pubIished.1,2 which the findings in this report were prepared,
The NationaI Center for Health Statisticshas are available for purchase by persons interested
also published data on body measurements col- in more detailed analysis. The sample distribu-
lected during Cycles I, II, and III of the National tion of all the variables on the microdata tapes
Health Examination Survey-data was collected can be found in the respective tape documenta-
in 1960-62 for adults ages 18-79 years (Cycle I), tation. Appendix IV contains methods and defi-
in 1963-65 for children ages 6-11 years (Cycle nitions used in the collection of anthropometric
II), and in 1966-70 for youths ages 12-17 and goniometric measures.
METHODS weight, skinfold thickness (triceps and sul~scapu-
lar), upper arm girth, and body dimensions (el-
Anthropometric Measurements
bow and bitrochanteric breadths). Also included
The examinees changed from their street were measurements of chest circumference of
clothing into disposable paper examination uni- children 1-7 years of age and a special sublsample
forms and foam rubber slippers designed to facil- of adults 25-74 years of age. In addition, these
itate and standardize as many elements of the body measurements provide indices of over-
examination as possible. Body measurements weight, obesity, and muscularityy. Height,
were made at various times throughout the day weight, growth, overweight, and obesity findings
at each examination center and in different sea- have been published in previous reportsl~ and
sons of the year and, thus, body measurements will not be presented in this report.
were not standardized with regard to diurnal and The cross-sectional data on body measurem-
seasonal variations. ents were obtained on persons of different
Trained technicians, using standardized an- ages who represent different birth cohorts. The
thropometric equipment, made measurements age trends show the body measurement values
quickly and at an acceptable level ojf accuracy for successive birth cohorts of persons who were
and replicability. Multiple measurements were of different ages when examined and reff,ect the
taken until two results agreed within specified effect of different environmental as well as
limits. One member of the examining team, who hereditary influences. The limitations of cross-
was responsible for observing and correcting any sectional data in contrast to longitudinal data
error in the measurement technique while aiding are recognized in considering changes with age.
in the positioning of the examinee, acted as a As suggested by the recommendations con-
recorder. cerning body measurements for the characterizat-
Where possible and applicable, all measure- ion of nutritional status,g skinfold thickness
ments were taken on the right side of the body. measurements were taken with aLange s:kinfold
Left side measurements were taken if the right caliper that was calibrated to exert apressure of
side could not be used because of casts, amputa- 10 g per square millimeter of jaw surface. These
tions, or any other reasons. Detailed explana- measurements of adipose tissue are, thus, con-
tions of the procedures used to determine the tained in the subcutaneous fat deposit that can
body measurements included in this report are be characterized quantitatively by measuring the
found in appendix IV. thickness of the skinfolds.
NHANES I primarily provided anthropo- The measurement of skinfold thickness is
metric data to evaluate the nutritional and one of a number of methodsl 0-1z used to de-
health status of the population in regard to termine the body fatness of individuals. It is less
growth, obesity, skeletal, and muscular devel- involved, does not require sophisticated hard-
opment. Such evaluation depends prinlcipa.lly on ware, and can provide accurate results. In this
the physical measurements of the body and regard, the taking of skinfolds has distinct ad-
comparisons with suitable standards of selected vantages. Their measurement does not require
items of body measurements. Body measure- elaborate, expensive, or timely procedures and,
ments depend, in part, on the supply of nutri- particularly for field studies, are recommended
ents and, thus, provided one method of assessing as an integral element in body composition re-
nutritional status. Heights and weights axe in- search.13 The taking of skinfolds is the easiest
formative though limited in terms of body com- and most direct approach to the measurement of
position. Body weight is influenced by such body fat. The validity of skinfolds as measures
components as bone, muscle, and fat. The sepa- of body fat has been proven an acceptable sur-
ration into its primary components provides the vey method. This approach involves the meas-
framework for description of the population’s urement of a double fold of subcutaneous tissue
nutritional status. Therefore, the anthropo- plus skin, pulled away from the underlying tis-
metnc battery included height, sitting height, sue at apredetermined site on the body.
With regard to skeletal structure, two direct measurement was completed, its wdue was dic-
anthropom~tric measureswere taken-elbow and tated to the recorder. The recorder repeated the
bitrochanteric breadth; both measures are unaf- value aloud for verification and then entered it
fected by degree of adiposity and are closely on the examinee’s form.
representative of bony dimensions. These efforts to reduce errors may not have
Upper arm girth is a measure of three body been sufficient. The original plan called for the
components—bone, muscle, and fat. The upper collection of this data for all 65 stands of the
arm diameter, corrected for the thickness of the survey, but investigations into the quality of the
layer of subcutaneous fat (triceps skinfold data showed that a satisfactory level of repro-
thickness), may serve as a criterion of muscular ducibility wasnot being achieved. The collection
development. of goniometnc data was discontinued after the
35 stand subsarnplewas complete.
In this context, reproducibility is defined as
Goniometric Measurements
the equaIity or similarity of replicated valuesof
Goniometry means the measurement of an- the same measurement on the same person. Re-
gles. More specifically, in the NHANES I survey, producibility is a function of both technician
it means the measurement in degrees of the performance and the inherent variability of the
range of motion of specific joints whose natural given measurement. The inherent variability isin
anatomical position isgenerally considered to be turn, at least partially, a function of the degree
zero degrees. All goniometric measurements of effort-dependence with the more effort-
were taken with a double-armed Universal goni- dependent measurement being generally less
ometer, pivoted over the axis of motion of the reproducible.
joint of interest. Since the axis of motion could Most goniometnc measurements are highly
shift somewhat if the joint were to move, care effort-dependent. In light of the strenuous ef-
was taken to make sure the pivot of the goni- forts made to maximize technician performance
ometer was as close aspossible to the axiswhen and recording accuracy, it seems likely that the
the measurements were made. lack of reproducibility is due almost entirely to
Goniometric measurements were taken to the inherent variability (effort-dependency) of
ascertain the range of motion of certainjoints in the measurements; therefore, technician retrain-
a special subset of NHANES I adults 25-74 years ing or procedural modifications would not sig-
of age.Specifically, 16 measurements were takeq nificantly increase the level of reproducibilityy.
involving the extension, flexion, abduction, ad- When a satisfactory reproducibility criterion
duction, internal and external rotation of both is not met, making inferences solely from esti-
hips, and extension and flexion of the knees. No mates derived from the data may be somewhat
goniometric findings are presented in thisreport misleading. However, if inferences have to be
for adduction of the right and left hip and ex- made, thissubsample of 35 standsrepresentsthe
tension of the right and left knee since few samp- best estimates available. Moreover, the goni-
le persons were found to have nonnormal val- ometric data may be used with other datagath-
ues for these measures. Detailed explanations of ered in the survey to collectively produce more
the procedures used in the goniometric examinat- reliable estimatesof specific health conditions in
ion aregiven in appendix IV. the civilian noninstitutionalized population of
Using a procedure similar to that utilized in the United States~
the determination of body measurements, two
technicians were employed in the collection of
FINDINGS
goniometnc data in an attempt to insure accu-
rate reading and recording of the measurements.
Arrthropornetric Measurements
One of the technicians acted as the examiner
while the second technician recorded the meas- Tables 1-27 present basic anthropometric
urements on the examinee’s form. As each data from NHANES I by age, sex, and race. In
3
addition to the sample sizes and population es- values for females exceeded those for males. In
timates, the tables ;nclude for e;ch age group the other two age groups (ages 1 year and 2
means for the specified measurements, standard years), the median triceps skinfolds for males
deviations, and selected percentiles from the 5th and females were equal.
through the 95th. After age 11, the median triceps skinfold
Triceps and subscapular skinfolds. –Compar- values for females substantially exceeded those
isons in this report of skinfold measures are values for males, reaching a peak of 2!5 mm
based on medians rather than means since the (millimeters) at ages 45-64 years. The peak tri-
marked skewness of the skinfold distributions ceps value for males was only 12 mm and was
suggests the use of the median as the better reached at ages 25-44 years.
measure of central tendency. With one exception, the observed n~edian
The differences between sexes in limb fat, as triceps skinfold for white males was greatei than
measured by the triceps skinfold, are particu- that for black males for all the selecte# age
larly evident in adults (tables 1-4 and figure 1). groups (figure 2). The pattern observed fbr fe-
In 22 of the 24 age groups from 1-74 years males was different. In the age groups 1 year to
shown in the tables, the median triceps skinfold 20-24 years white females generally had higher
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1 357 9 11 13 15 1718.19 20.24 25.34 35-44 45-54 55.64 65.74
AGE IN YEARS
Figure 1. Median triceps skinfold for persons siges1-74 years, by ageand sex: Unitad States, 1971-74
4