Basic and Applied Mutagenesis: With Special Reference to Agricultural Chemicals in Developing Countries

435 Pages·1985·11.57 MB·English

by  Amir Muhammed (auth.)

BASIC AND
APPLIED MUTAGENESIS
With Special Reference
to Agricultural Chemicals
in Developing Countries
BASIC LIFE SCIENCES
Alexander Hollaender, General Editor
Council for Research Planning in Biological Sciences, Inc., Washington, D.C.
Recent volumes in the series:
Volume 23 INDUCED MUTAGENESIS: Molecular Mechanisms and
Their Implications for Environmental Protection
Edited by Christopher W. Lawrence
Volume 24 ORGAN AND SPECIES SPECIFICITY IN CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS
Edited by Robert Langenbach, Stephen Nesnow, and Jerry M. Rice
Volume 25 BASIC BIOLOGY OF NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
Edited by Alexander Hollaender, Allen I. Laskin, and Palmer Rogers
Volume 26 GENETIC ENGINEERING OF PLANTS: An Agricultural Perspective
Edited by Tsune Kosuge, Carole P. Meredith, and Alexander Hollaender
Volume 27 NEUTRONS IN BIOLOGY
Edited by Benno P. Schoenborn
Volume 28 GENETIC CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
Edited by Gilbert S. Omenn and Alexander Hollaender
Volume 29 SISTER CHROMATID EXCHANGES: 25 Years of Experimental Research
Part A: The Nature of SCEs
Part B: Genetic Toxicology and Human Studies
Edited by Raymond R. Tice and Alexander Hollaender
Volume 30 PLASMIDS IN BACTERIA
Edited by Donald R. Helinski, Stanley N. Cohen, Don B. Clewell,
David A. Jackson, and Alexander Hollaender
Volume 31 GENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF NUCLEOTIDE POOL IMBALANCE
Edited by Frederick J. de Serres
Volume 32 TISSUE CULTURE IN FORESTRY AND AGRICULTURE
Edited by Randolph R. Henke, Karen W. Hughes,
Milton J. Constantin, and Alexander Hollaender
Volume 33 ASSESSMENT OF RISK FROM LOW-LEVEL EXPOSURE TO RADIATION
AND CHEMICALS: A Critical Overview
Edited by Avril D. Woodhead, Claire J. Shellabarger, Virginia Pond,
and Alexander Hollaender
Volume 34 BASIC AND APPLIED MUTAGENESIS: With Special Reference
to Agricultural Chemicals in Developing Countries
Edited by Amir Muhammed and R. C. von Borstel
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new
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please contact the publisher.
BASIC AND
APPLIED MUTAGENESIS
With Special Reference
to Agricultural Chemicals
in Developing Countries
Edited by
Amir Muhammed
Pakistan Agricultural Research Council
Islamabad, Pakistan
and
R. C. von Borstel
The University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Technical Editor
Dorothy Woslyng
The University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Basic and applied mutagenesis.
(Basic life sciences; v. 34)
"Based on a Symposium on Agricultural Genotoxicity in Developing Countries, held
October 31-November 5, 1982, in Islamabad, Pakistan" - T.p. verso.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Agricultural chemicals-Toxicology-Developing countries-Congresses. 2.
Chemical mutagenesis-Developing countries-Congresses. 3. Genetic toxicol
ogy-Developing countries-Congresses. I. Amir Muhammed. II. Von Borstel, R. C. III.
Symposium on Agricultural Genotoxicity in Developing Countries (1982: Islamabad,
Pakistan) IV. Series.
RA 1270.A4B37 1985 6161.042 85-9320
ISBN 978-1-4684-4978-5 ISBN 978-1-4684-4976-1 (eBook)
001 10.1007/978-1-4684-4976-1
Based on a symposium on Agricultural Genotoxicity in Developing Countries,
held October 31-November 5, 1982, in Islamabad, Pakistan
© 1985 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1985
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Alexander Hollaender
This volume is dedicated to Alexander Hollaender, with emphasis
on two aspects of his multifaceted vision: His interest in the growth
of science in developing nations, and his interest in applied muta
genesis. Alexander Hollaender was the driving force behind the or
ganization of the Course and Symposium held in Pakistan, of which
this volume is a consequence. He looks to these meetings as a way
to seek out talent, and to initiate international collaborations.
In 1962 Alexander Hollaender undertook one of the most success
ful and least heralded interventions in the use of powerful mutagens
in the environment. One of us (von Borstel) pointed out to him that
there was a movement afoot to use alkylating agents in the field in
order to devastate insect populations by the chemical induction of
dominant lethality. The alkylating agents were already being adver
tised for sale in trade journals. In his characteristic style,
Alexander Hollaender organized a small conference under the auspices
of the National Institutes of Health to discuss the ramifications of
this action. The result was the abandonment of the program for the
chemical sterilization of insects in the field.
Again we are faced with widespread agricultural usage of non
regulated, hazardous pesticides. This time the problem is most
severe in developing nations. We trust that the dual visions of
Alexander Hollaender, described above, will inspire others to bring
about another quiet and successful intervention.
R.C. von Borstel and A. Muhammed
v
PREFACE
The aim of the editors of this volume is to use basic and ap
plied studies in the field of mutagenesis to approach a problem of
especial concern. The problem is that of the usage of toxic chemi
cals, particularly agricultural chemicals, in ever-increasing quan
tities in those parts of the world that feed the most people. Agri
cultural chemicals that are in use in Pakistan are emphasized here.
These are the same chemicals that are in use throughout the develop
ing world, although the quantities of the different types that are
used may vary from country to country, and from region to region
within countries. A number of these chemicals can no longer be sold
in Europe or in the United States, and it is often difficult to iden
tify a scientific reason as to why they are sold at all.
It is ironic that toxic chemicals are used as a humanitarian
device to rid the world of Pestilence and Famine -- two of the
Horsemen of the Apocalypse. If we do not wish poisonous chemicals
to become the fifth Horseman of the Apocalypse, then we must begin
now to identify and regulate the large-scale usage of toxic sub
stances everywhere.
This volume is based on a Symposium on Agricultural Genotox
icity in Developing Countries, held in Islamabad, Pakistan, from
31 October to 5 November 1982. This Symposium was preceded by a
lO-day practical training course on Mutagenesis and Predictive
Carcinogenesis. The identification of teratogens was dealt with in
the Course, and in the Symposium as well. Mutagenesis, carcino
genesis, and teratogenesis are three different types of toxicolog
ical action at the cellular level. Mutagenesis is the action of a
chemical on the genetic material, carcinogenesis includes both a
genetic and a developmental component, and teratogenesis is, more
strictly speaking, developmental toxicology. The toxic action of
chemicals often falls into two or all of these categories, but the
correlation for mutagens and carcinogens is nearly one-to-one.
Overlaps between teratogens and mutagens (carcinogens) are much less
frequent.
vii
viii PREFACE
As the editing of this volume proceeded, the manuscripts were
re-arranged from the order presented at the Symposium into three
principal areas: The problem, the fundamental science, and the
application of the science to the problem. Most of the manuscripts
have been updated during the two years since the Symposium was held.
Two Appendices are included: The first Appendix describes, in
detail, five inexpensive methods for identifying mutagens; the
methods are suitable for use in developing and developed nations
alike. These methods cover tests on microorganisms, on plants, on
Drosophila, and on human cells, and all can be done with inexpensive
materials that are available in most countries. Two of the methods
emphasize the use of plants in testing for mutagenic chemicals
because substantial knowledge of agriculture, and thus plant science
in general, is widespread in all developing countries. The second
Appendix is a list of pesticides that are sold in Pakistan. Most of
these pesticides, if not all, are sold in the developing nations
around the world. Numerous references to these chemicals are made
in this volume, particularly in the section on applied mutagenesis.
Especial acknowledgement must be made to the Pakistan Agricul
tural Research Centre for making the local arrangements for the
Symposium and the Course, to the Department of Biology at the
University of Islamabad for providing space and scientific support
for the Course, and to the National Science Foundation of the United
States for providing financial support through PL-480 funds for the
U.S. citizens who attended the Course and the Symposium. The
University of Alberta provided a grant to assist in the preparation
of this volume for publication.
R. C. von Borstel
CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION
.........
Welcoming Address ." ".,. 3
Amir Muhammed
Inaugural Address 7
M. F. Janjua
Toxins in the Human Food System • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 11
Roger Revelle
II. RISKS TO HUMAN HEALTH INDUCED BY PESTICIDES
General Human Health Risks
Associated with the Use of Chemicals . • • • • •• 29
Larry L. Deaven
Water Contamination and Environmental Mutagens 43
John C. Loper
Problems Associated with the Use of Chemicals
by Agricultural Workers ••••• 63
Umar Khan Baloch
Mechanism of Contamination from
Agricultural Chemicals in Mammals 79
M. Ataur Rahman
Mycotoxins as Carcinogens 87
Amin M. Hussain
III. BASIC STUDIES RELATED TO
MUTAGENESIS AND CARCINOGENESIS
Cytotoxicity as a Mechanism of Carcinogenesis • • 99
Matthews o. Bradley
ix
x CONTENTS
Mutagenesis-Enhancement by Plasmids in
Mutagenesis Tester Strains 111
Graham C. Walker
Situation-Dependent Repair of DNA Damage in Yeast . . . .. 121
R. C. von Borstel and P. J. Hastings
A Possible Role for Deoxyribonucleotide Pool
Imbalances in Carcinogenesis . 147
Robert H. Haynes and Bernard A. Kunz
Polysubstrate Monooxygenases in Drosophila,
Mammals and Man . . . . . . 157
F. E. Wurgler
IV. MUTAGENIC, TERATOGENIC, AND
PREDICTIVE CARCINOGENIC STUDIES OF PESTICIDES
Evaluation of the Genotoxic Potential of
Certain Pesticides Used in Pakistan 185
Shahbeg S. Sandhu, Michael D. Waters,
Vincent F. Simmon, Kristien E. Mortelmans,
Ann D. Mitchell, Ted Jorgenson,
David C. L. Jones, Ruby Valencia,
and Frank Stack
Mutagen Testing of Agricultural Chemicals
with Yeast . 221
Friederike Eckardt and R. C. von Borstel
Plant Genetic Assays and their Use in
Studies on Environmental Mutagenesis in
Developing Countries . . . . . . . . 249
Michael J. Plewa
Aneuploidy Induced by Agricultural Pesticides:
Where Do We Stand? . . . . . . . . . . 269
Baldev K. Vig
The Science of Teratology in a Regulatory Setting . . . .. 285
Neil Chernoff
V. APPENDIX I - PROTOCOLS
Mutagen Testing with Yeast 305
Friederike Eckardt and Wolfram Siede
CONTENTS xi
Mutagen Testing with Maize • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 323
Michael J. Plewa
Mutagen Testing with the Soybean Assay • • • • • • • • • • 329
Baldev K. Vig
The Micronucleus Test on Exfoliated Human Cells 337
H. F. Stich, W. Stich, and M. P. Rosin
Mutagenicity Testing with Drosophila melanogaster 343
F. E. WUrgler and U. Graf
A FORTRAN Program for the Construction of
Selby-Olson Tables • • • • • • • 373
F. E. WUrgler and H. Frei
VI. APPENDIX
PESTICIDES REGISTERED IN PAKISTAN
Agricultural Chemicals Registered for
Sale in Pakistan 397
Author Index • • 403
Chemical Index • 419
Subject Index 433