Basic AC Circuits

552 Pages·2000·9.11 MB·English

by  Clay Rawlins BS MS

BASIC AC CIRCUITS
Second Edition
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BASIC AC CIRCUITS
Second Edition
John Clayton Rawlins, M.S.
Instructor, Eastfield College
Dallas County Community College District
Boston Oxford Auckland Johannesburg Melbourne New Delhi
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Rawlins, John Clayton.
Basic AC circuits / John Clayton Rawlins.—2nd ed.
p. cm.
Stanley R. Fulton’s name appears first on previous ed.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-7506-7173-4 (paperback: alk. paper)
1. Electric circuits—Alternating current. I. Fulton, Stanley R. Basic AC circuits.
II. Title.
TK454 .R39 2000
621.319¢13—dc21
00-037957
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Contents
Preface viii
Features of This Book x
Chapter 1 Introduction to Alternating Current
Objectives ................................................... 2
Text ......................................................... 3
Worked-Out Examples ......................................... 18
Practice Problems ............................................. 23
Quiz ........................................................ 27
Chapter 2 AC and the Sine Wave
Objectives ................................................... 30
Text ......................................................... 31
Worked-Out Examples ......................................... 54
Practice Problems ............................................. 59
Quiz ........................................................ 62
Chapter 3 The Oscilloscope and Its Use
Objectives ................................................... 66
Text ....................................................... . 67
Worked-Out Examples ......................................... 94
Practice Problems ............................................. 96
Quiz ........................................................ 101
Chapter 4 The Sine Wave and Phase
Objectives ................................................... 108
Text ......................................................... 109
Worked-Out Examples ......................................... 130
Practice Problems ............................................. 137
Quiz ........................................................ 141
Chapter 5 Resistive Circuits
Objectives ................................................... 144
Text ......................................................... 145
Worked-Out Examples ......................................... 162
Practice Problems ............................................. 167
Quiz ........................................................ 169
BASICACCIRCUITS v
Contents
(cid:2)Contents
Chapter 6 Capacitance
Objectives ................................................... 172
Text ........................................................ 173
Worked-Out Examples ......................................... 202
Practice Problems ............................................. 211
Quiz ........................................................ 214
Chapter 7 RC Circuit Analysis
Objectives ................................................... 218
Text ........................................................ 219
Worked-Out Examples ......................................... 248
Practice Problems ............................................ 253
Quiz ........................................................ 255
Chapter 8 Inductance and Transformers
Objectives ................................................... 258
Text ........................................................ 259
Worked-Out Examples ......................................... 292
Practice Problems ............................................ 298
Quiz ........................................................ 301
Chapter 9 RL Circuit Analysis
Objectives ................................................... 304
Text ........................................................ 305
Worked-Out Examples ......................................... 328
Practice Problems ............................................. 331
Quiz ........................................................ 333
Chapter 10 RC and RL Time Constants
Objectives ................................................... 336
Text ........................................................ 337
Worked-Out Examples ......................................... 361
Practice Problems ............................................. 365
Quiz ........................................................ 367
Chapter 11 RLC Circuit Analysis
Objectives ................................................... 370
Text ........................................................ 371
Worked-Out Examples ........................................ 388
Practice Problems ............................................. 392
Quiz ........................................................ 393
vi BASICACCIRCUITS
Contents
(cid:2)Contents
Chapter 12 Phasor Algebra
Objectives ................................................... 396
Text ........................................................ 397
Worked-Out Examples ......................................... 416
Practice Problems ............................................. 422
Quiz ........................................................ 425
Chapter 13 Complex RLC Circuit Analysis
Objectives ................................................... 428
Text ........................................................ 429
Worked-Out Examples ......................................... 443
Practice Problems ............................................. 448
Quiz ........................................................ 452
Chapter 14 Resonance
Objectives .................................................... 454
Text ........................................................ 455
Worked-Out Examples ......................................... 477
Practice Problems ............................................. 482
Quiz ........................................................ 486
Appendices
Appendix 1 Unit Conversion Charts .......................................... 490
Appendix 2 The Greek Alphabet ............................................. 493
Appendix 3 Basic Schematic Symbols ......................................... 494
Appendix 4 Basic Equations of Basic DC Electricity ............................. 495
Appendix 5 Basic Equations of Basic AC Electricity ............................. 496
Appendix 6 Right Triangle Information and Equivalent
First-Quadrant Angles ......................................... 498
Appendix 7 0 to 90 Degrees Trigonometric Functions ........................... 499
Appendix 8 How to Use Square Root Tables ................................... 500
Appendix 9 Extracting Square Root Using a Calculator .......................... 503
Appendix 10 Scientific Notation and the Metric Prefixes .......................... 504
Appendix 11 The Universal Time Constant Graph ............................... 505
Appendix 12 Peak, Peak-to-Peak, and RMS Conversion Chart ..................... 508
Appendix 13 Resonance ..................................................... 509
Appendix 14 Color Codes .................................................... 510
Glossary 517
Index 533
BASICACCIRCUITS vii
Preface
As with the first edition, this textbook is designed for the person continuing a study of basic
electricity. It provides the general information, theory, and problem-solving techniques required
for an analysis and application of alternating current (ac) circuits—from the simplest to the
most complex. Its aim is to help provide a solid foundation for the person interested in learning
the concepts and principles of basic electricity and then, if the opportunity arises, in advancing in
the studies of physics, electronics, computer science, and engineering. The book is written both
as a textbook for classroom students and instructors and as a textbook for individualized
learning. It has been written and organized in a way that will help the reader best acquire the
knowledge necessary to analyze ac circuits, and to gain a basic understanding of some of the
measurement techniques used in such analysis. Each chapter has specific objectives, detailing
exactly what the reader should know or be able to do after completing the chapter.
Even though a knowledge of simple algebra and a basic understanding of direct current (dc)
circuits is assumed, new concepts and terms and the necessary mathematics are introduced as
needed with illustrative examples. Detailed computations are carried out step by step so that
algebraic methods, the use of exponents, and scientific notation are easily understood.
The book begins with an introduction to alternating current—how an alternating voltage is
generated and why the sine function describes the characteristics of such a voltage and the
resulting circuit current.
Because the oscilloscope is such a valuable measuring tool for observing alternating voltages and
currents, a chapter is devoted to describing it before continuing with resistive ac circuit analysis.
New concepts of capacitance and inductance and their action in ac circuits are discussed, and
then respective circuit analysis techniques are covered for series and parallel resistive-capacitive
and resistive-inductive circuits. Contained within the inductance chapter is the important
discussion of mutual inductance and transformers.
Because the reaction of inductance and capacitance in circuits that have time-varying voltages
that produce time-varying currents is important to ac circuit analysis, a chapter on time constants
for resistive-capacitive and resistive-inductive circuits is included.
Building on prior chapters, more complex circuit analysis continues by including resistive,
capacitive, and inductive components all at the same time in series, parallel, and combination
series-parallel ac circuits. Right triangle analysis is replaced by phasor algebra with the
introduction of imaginary numbers so that the techniques of analyzing the most complex ac
circuit are presented.
A discussion of the special case in ac circuits where the ac frequency is varied to resonance
completes the text.
The text is written not to support theories with complete rigid mathematical proofs, but to
explain the fundamental ideas so the reader may understand how to put electricity to use in
practical ways. Hopefully the text succeeds in achieving that goal.
viii BASICACCIRCUITS
Preface
(cid:2)Preface
The author wishes to express appreciation to the companies that provided permission to use their
instruments and printed materials to help in the production of this text. A debt of gratitude is
due Stanley R. Fulton, who was the co-author of the first edition, who made numerous excellent
contributions to that edition and provided encouragement to the author to undertake the writing
of the first edition, and who is also a very good friend. Also, much thanks is due Patricia Rawlins,
the author’s wife, who typed the original manuscript of the first edition. Without these
contributions, neither the first nor the second edition would have been feasible.
Finally, the author would like to thank the staff at Butterworth-Heinemann including Candy Hall,
Pam Chester, Kevin Sullivan, and numerous others behind the scenes who contributed to the
production of the second edition.
BASICACCIRCUITS ix