Table Of Content:.~ }
Special Publication No.5 ~
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of the Society for Geology
, '. . ;.':
Applied to Mineral Deposits H'''''~
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Base Metal
Sulfide Deposits
in Sedimentary and Volcanic Environments
Proceedings of the DMG-GDMB-SGA-Meeting
Aachen, 1985
Edited by
Gunther H. Friedrich and
Peter M. Herzig
With 155 Figures
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Prof. Dr. GUNTHER H. FRIEDRICH
Dr. PETER M. HERZIG
Institute of Mineralogy and Geology of Ore Deposits
RWTHAachen
WiillnerstraBe 2
D-5100 Aachen, FRG
ISBN 978-3-662-02540-6 ISBN 978-3-662-02538-3 (eBook)
om 10.1007/978-3-662-02538-3
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1988
Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1988.
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Preface
Research on base metal sulfide deposits is among the oldest and
best-documented subjects of economic geologists worldwide, con-
sidering that copper was first mined about 3000 years ago on the
island of Cyprus.
During the past 10 years, after the exciting discovery of active
sulfide formation on the modem ocean floor, a considerable flow of
new ideas has stimulated and influenced the discussion of ore-
forming processes for copper-zinc-Iead sulfides in sedimentary and
volcanic environments. The development of new genetic concepts
consequently led to reinterpretation of some apparently well-estab-
lished formation models.
This Proceedings Volume contains a collection of carefully
selected papers on current research on the geology and metallogeny
of base metal sulfide deposits presented as oral or poster contribu-
tions at the DMG (Deutsche Mineralogische Gesellschaft) -
GDMB (Gesellschaft Deutscher Metallhiitten- und Bergleute -
Fachsektion Lagerstiittenforschung) - SGA (Society of Geology
Applied to Mineral Deposits) Joint Meeting on Ore Deposits in
Aachen, Federal Republic of Germany, September 16-19, 1985.
Base metal sulfide deposits with different ore compositions
occur in a wide variety of geological and lithological settings of
almost any age. This has been taken into account in organizing this
volume along the lines of classical host-rock classification.
The first group of contributions focuses on sediment-hosted
base metal sulfide deposits including examples of Kupferschiefer
and Copperbelt-type, as well as lead-zinc mineralization in carbo-
nate host rocks.
Volcanic- and volcanic-sediment-hosted base metal sulfides are
covered by a second group of chapters describing research on
hydrothermal Cyprus and Kuroko-type, Iberian Pyrite Belt and
Turkish copper deposits, in addition to sulfide ore deposits in
alpine volcano-sedimentary sequences.
Emphasizing lithological, structural, chemical, and temporal
controls, research results and interpretations given in the presented
compilation of papers will hopefully stimulate further discussion on
the formation of base metal sulfide deposits - especially in the light
of research work currently being done in the natural laboratories on
the seafloor.
Aachen, February 1988 GUNTHER FRIEDRICH
PETER HERZIG
Contents
Part I Sediment-Hosted Base Metal Sulfide Deposits
The Evaluation of Sedimentary Basins for Massive Sulfide
Mineralization
D. Large (with 2 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Relation of Permian Base Metal Occurrences to the Variscan
Paleogeothermal Field of the Fore-Sudetic Monocline
(Southwestern Poland)
S. Speczik (with 6 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Geologic Setting and Genesis of Kupferschiefer
Mineralization in West Germany
F.-P. Schmidt and G. Friedrich (with 24 Figures) 25
Base Metal Mineralization and Maturation of Organic
Material in the Kupferschiefer of the Lower Rhine Basin
R. Diedel and W. Piittmann (with 7 Figures) . . . . . . . 60
The Origin of the Kipushi (Cu, Zn, Pb) Deposit in Direct
Relation with a Proterozoic Salt Diapir. Copperbelt of
Central Africa, Shaba, Republic of Zaire
I. de Magnee and A. Francois (with 11 Figures) . . . . 74
Sulfide Mineralization of Paleozoic Rocks in the Northern
Eifel, F.R.G.
V. Scheps and S. Keyssner (with 9 Figures) . . . . . . . . . 94
The Significance of Diagenesis in Emplacement of
Strata-Bound Zn-Pb Mineralization in Carbonate Sediments
H. Kucha (with 8 Figures) ................ 109
Genetical Significance of Saline Relics in Carbonate Host
Rocks of Alpine Pb-Zn Deposits
R. Wolter and H.-J. Schneider (with 7 Figures) ..... 121
Ore Mineralogy of the Tatestown Prospect, Ireland
E. Tijskens, W. Viaene, P. Van Oyen, and J. Clifford (with 5
Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 132
VIII Contents
Part II Volcanic-and Volcanic-Sediment-Hosted Base
Metal Sulfide Deposits
Geochemistry and Genesis of Sulfide Ore Deposits in the
Volcano-Sedimentary Sequences of the Western
Grauwackenzone (Eastern Alps, Austria)
M. Tarkian and C. D. Garbe (with 12 Figures) . . . . . . .. 149
Base Metal Mineralization in the Evros Region, N.E. Greece
K. L. Ashworth, M. F. Billett, D. Constantinides,
A. Demetriades, C. Katirtzoglou, and C. Michael (with 7
Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
A Mineralogical, Geochemical and Thermal Profile Through
the Agrokipia "B" Hydrothermal Sulfide Deposit, Troodos
Ophiolite Complex, Cyprus
P. M. Herzig (with 15 Figures) ............... 182
Kuroko-Type Ore Deposits on the Aegean Islands, Greece
M.B. Hauck (with 7 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 216
New Metallogenetic Aspects Concerning the Copper Deposit
of Murgul, NE Turkey
N. Ozgiir and H.-J. Schneider (with 7 Figures) . . . . . 229
Geochemical Features of Magmatic Evolution and Ore
Deposition in the Pyrite Belt of Southern Spain
W. Schiitz, P. Dulski, and K. Germann (with 11 Figures) 240
Tourmalinites Associated with Australian Proterozoic
Submarine Exhalative Ores
I. R. Plimer (with 17 Figures) 255
Subject Index . . . . . . . . 285
Contributors
You will find the addresses at the beginning of the respective contribution
Ashworth, K. L. 169 Large, D. 3
Billett, M. F. 169 de Magnee, I. 74
Clifford, J. 132 Michael, C. 169
Constantinides, D. 169 Ozgur, N. 229
Demetriades, A. 169 Plimer, I. R. 255
Diedel, R. 60 Puttmann, W. 60
Dulski, P. 240 Scheps, V. 94
Francois, A. 74 Schmidt, F.-P. 25
Friedrich, G. 25 Schneider, H.-J. 121,229
Garbe, C. D. 149 Schutz, W. 240
Germann, K. 240 Speczik, S. 12
Hauck, M.B. 216 Tarkian, M. 149
Herzig, P. M. 182 Tijskens, E. 132
Katirtzoglou, C. 169 Van Oyen, P. 132
Keyssner, S. 94 Viaene, W. 132
Kucha, H. 109 Wolter, R. 121
Part I Sediment-Hosted Base Metal Sulfide Deposits
The Evaluation of Sedimentary Basins for Massive Sulfide
Mineralization
D. LARGE!
Abstract
The geological setting of sediment-hosted massive sulfide deposits is reviewed in the
light of new concepts on the evolution of sedimentary basins. It is shown that the
sediment-hosted massive sulfide deposits are hosted by extensional basins and were
formed during the post-rift phase of thermal subsidence. The mineralization event
is associated with a distinct tensional pulse that is superimposed on the regional
thermal subsidence of the basin and can be recognized in the stratigraphy by locally
developed sedimentological indications of rapid subsidence. Basin analysis can be
used to identify prospective basins and the target stratigraphy in the preliminary
analysis of sedimentary sequences for sediment-hosted massive sulfide
mineralization.
Introduction
Previous reviews on the geological setting of sediment-hosted massive sulfide Zn-Pb
deposits have tended to identify particular geological features within a sedimentary
basin, such as proximity to faults and lineaments, facies and thickness changes that
may mark the transition from the shelf to basin, and the presence of "second-order"
basins (Large 1980, 1983). The purpose of this paper is to reconsider the nature of
those sedimentary basins, which are host to sediment-hosted massive sulfide
deposits, in the light of more recent concepts on basin classification. Furthermore,
an attempt will be made to show that the mineralization is associated with a
predictable phase in the evolution of a particular class of sedimentary basin.
Classification of Sedimentary Basins
Bally (1982) defined a sedimentary basin as an area of subsidence that contains a
sedimentary sequence of at least 1 km thickness. A simple but effective two-way
classification of basins can be made on the basis of their development (Beaumont et
al. 1982):
1. basins formed as a result of crustal attenuation and extensional tectonics -
these include both intracratonic rifts and Atlantic-type passive-margin basins, and
!Consulting Geologist, Paracelsus Strasse 40.0-3300 Braunschweig, West Germany
Base Metal Sulfide Deposits
G.H. Friedrich, P.M. Herzig (Eds.)
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1988
4 D. Large
Rifting and initial subsidence
2 Thermal subsidence (post -rift)
3
Stable margin
Initiation of
compression
4
Comp-ession and flexural subsidence Fig. 1. Evolution of a ten-
sional basin (stages 1-2)
and superimposition of a
foreland basin during su b-
sequent compressional tec-
tonism (stage 4). (After
Beaumont et al. 1982)
2. basins formed as a result of tectonic and/or sediment-loading in a com-
pressional tectonic regime - these include the foreland basins in thrust-belts.
Beaumont et at. (1982) noted that, during a tectonic cycle. a foreland-basin can
be derived from and superimposed on an extensional basin (Fig. I). Some of the
geological characteristics of the foreland- and rift-type basins are summarized in
Table 1.
Extensional Basins
Basins that were formed through crustal attenuation are characterised by two
distinct phases in their development; a "syn-rift" and a "post-rift" event (Watts
1981).
The initial "syn-rift" phase occurs during crustal stretching and attenuation. and
is marked by an enhanced geothermal gradient (McKenzie 1978; Watts et at. 1982).
It is generally characterized by listric-normal faulting and rapid subsidence of
graben and uplift of horst blocks. Sedimentation during the "syn-rift" phase is
usually immature and consists of coarse clastics, as well as lacustrine and evaporite
