Table Of ContentBark and Wood Boring Insects in Living Trees in Europe,
a Synthesis
Bark and Wood Boring
Insects in Livin g Trees
in Europe,
a Synthesis
Edited by
François Lieutier
Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures,
Université d’Orléans, Ardon, Orléans, France
Keith R. Day
University of Ulster,
Coleraine, Unite d King dom
Andrea Batt ist i
Università di Pa dova,
Legnaro, Italy
Jean-Claude Grégoire
Université Libre de Bruxelles,
Bruxelles, Belgium
and
Hugh F. Evans
Forestry Commission,
Wrecclesham, Farnham, United Kingdom
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-1-4020-2240-1 (HB)
ISBN 978-1-4020-2241-8 (e-book)
Published by Springer,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
www.springer.com
Cover photos:
The forest of Lispach in the Massif of Vosges, Eastern France (photo taken by Michel Pitsch).
Ips sexdentatus (six-spined engraver beetle), a bark beetle attacking pines (photo taken by Janin – INRA).
Printed on acid-free paper
First Edition 2004, Reprinted 2007
All Rights Reserved
© 2004, 2007 Springer
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording
or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception
of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered
and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Table of Contents
Preface………………………………………………………………..……..ix
Acknowledgments……………………………………………..........………xi
The BAWBILT bases in Europe…………………................................…….1
Chapter 1 The BAWBILT context in Europe……………....................……3
F. LIEUTIER
Chapter 2 The directory of European experts…………......................……11
A. BATTISTI & M. FACCOLI
Chapter 3 The BAWBILT database……………………….........................15
M. GILBERT & D. SAUVARD
Chapter 4 Damage and control of BAWBILT organisms, an overview…..19
J-C. GRÉGOIRE & H.F. EVANS
Part 1, Bark Beetles.......................................................................................39
Chapter 5 Taxonomy and systematics of bark and ambrosia beetles……...41
M. KNÍŽEK & R. BEAVER
Chapter 6 Genetic tools in Scolytid research…………………...................55
C. STAUFFER
Chapter 7 General biology of bark beetles……………............…………...63
D. SAUVARD
Chapter 8 Chemical ecology of bark beetles in a complex olfactory
landscape…………………………………………………………...............89
J.A. BYERS
Chapter 9 Host resistance to bark beetles and its variations….....……….135
F. LIEUTIER
v
vi
Chapter 10 Fungal associates of European bark beetles with special
emphasis on the Ophiostomatoid fungi….....................................................181
T. KIRISITS
Chapter 11 Research on parasitoids and predators of Scolytidae,
a review .......................................................................................................237
M. KENIS, B. WERMELINGER & J-C. GRÉGOIRE
Chapter 12 Pathogens in bark beetles……………………………….........291
R. WEGENSTEINER
Part 2, Bark Weevils....................................................................................315
Chapter 13 Taxonomy and systematics of bark weevils…………......…..317
G. LEMPÉRIÈRE, A. MANTILLERI & C. CONORD
Chapter 14 General biology and life cycles of bark weevils……………..331
K.R. DAY, G. NORDLANDER, M. KENIS & G. HALLDORSON
Chapter 15 Semiochemicals in the life of bark feeding weevils………....351
F. SCHLYTER
Chapter 16 Hylobius abietis – Host utilisation and resistance………..….365
D. WAINHOUSE
Chapter 17 Fungi associated with Hylobius abietis and other weevils…..381
H. VIIRI
Chapter 18 Parasitoids, predators, nematodes and pathogens
associated with bark weevil pests................................................................395
M. KENIS, R. WEGENSTEINER & C.T. GRIFFIN
Chapter 19 Damage, control and management of weevil pests,
especially Hylobius abietis…………………………………......…………415
B. LÅNGSTRÖM & K.R. DAY
vii
Part 3, Buprestids and Longhorns................................................................445
Chapter 20 Biology, ecology and economic importance of Buprestidae
and Cerambycidae…...………………………………………........………447
H.F. EVANS, L.G. MORAAL & J.A. PAJARES
Chapter 21 Natural enemies of Cerambycidae and Buprestidae infesting
living trees………………………………………………………………...475
M. KENIS & J. HILSZCZANSKI
Part 4, “Non-Coleopteran” BAWBILT organisms......................................499
Chapter 22 Non-Coleopteran insects…………………………………..…501
B. LÅNGSTRÖM, K. HELIÖVAARA, L.G. MORAAL, M. TURýÁNI, M.
VIITASAARI & T. YLIOJA
Research needs and priorities for Europe....................................................539
Chapter 23 General conclusions and research priorities for BAWBILT
organisms in Europe………………………………………………………541
F. LIEUTIER, K.R. DAY, H.F. EVANS & B. LÅNGSTRÖM
Index of scientific names……………………………………….........……553
Preface
This book is the final product of a European joint research project that allowed
around 100 scientists from 24 European countries to work together actively from
November 1998 to December 2002. It presents a commented synthesis on the
research work done in Europe on bark beetles, bark weevils, longhorn beetles,
buprestid beetles, and other xylophagous insects that attack living trees. The project
was granted by the European Community, in the framework of the COST Actions,
under the title “Bark And Wood Boring Insects in Living Trees (BAWBILT)”. The
idea of such a synthesis was born in 1995 from a core interest in bark beetles,
matured while enlarging the scope to other groups in 1996 and the project was
approved by the Committee of Sen ior Officials of COST at the beginning of 1998.
COST (Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical research) is a
permanently open call by the European Commission for proposals t hat favour
actions such as networks, which aim at developing communications and exchanges
between European researchers and federating research groups at the European level.
It has several divisions including the section “Forest and Forestry Products”, to
which the BAWBILT Action belongs.
The objective of this book is to present a synthesis of BAWBILT organisms,
while providing a European focus. The ambition is thus more than a presentation of
the biology of the European BAWBILT species. The book reviews and comments
on all the European literature on these insects, while considering the biological
aspects (trees, insects, associated organisms, and their relationships), but it also
compares the available information and interpretations to those concerning similar
species in other continents. Indeed, for several BAWBILT organisms, especially
bark beetles, research is a global process, and studies, in parallel to the European
ones, have often been carried out mainly in North America. As a consequence,
although this synthesis is centred on the European species, numerous references
from North American studies are cited. This allows important generalizations in the
conclusions and the theoretical models. It also highlights specific differences in the
European species, as we ll as t he strengths and shortcomings of the European
research. This comparative approach is more or less developed in each of t he
different chapters, depending on the topic concerned. Some chapters, a lthough
largely referring to the European species, present a synthesis of both European and
North American species. Others, while presenting such a synthesis, make a
comparison by directing attention to which results come from studies on the
European or the North American species. Others, due to the European focus of the
subject, deal with European results.
After a section present ing t he structu re and the information sources of the
BAWBILT group, and the characteristics of damage and control of the European
BAWBILT organisms in general, the book is structured in four parts: bark beetles;
weevils; buprestids and longhorns; non-coleopteran BAWBILT organisms. In each
of these parts, a commented review of all European literature is done, under
approximately the same organisational canvas: taxonomy and phylogeny; general
biology, life cycles and relations with abiotic factors; chemical ecolo gy and host
ix
x
finding; host resistance; associated fungi; natural enemies. In each part, all factors
of population dynamics, each corresponding to a particular chapter, are t hus
considered with their role, making unnecessary a special chapter on this su bject.
The general characteristics of the population dynamics are however presented in the
chapter on general biology. The book ends with a concluding chapter presenting
research needs and priorities for Europe. An index of scientific names is given.
All chapters presented in this book have been peer reviewed by at least two
independent reviewers pr ior to acceptance. T he book is the result of a co llective
work gathering together all ex isting European competence, but it is not simply a
collection of different chapters written independently by specialists. It is rather the
fruit of a real collective synthesis in which all European specialists on BAWBILT
organisms have participated.
A CD accompanies the book. It contains a relational database gathering together
all BAWBILT research papers (including some “grey literature”) published in
Europe during the last 30 years as well as the most important ones that have been
published previously. The references from other cont inents used for the synthesis
are not contained in the CD but are included in the lists of references at the end of
the different chapters. The CD also contains a series of colour pictures illustrating
the different chapters.
The editors
Acknowledgments
The project was carried out with financial support from the Commission of the
European Communities, COST specific program, E16 COST Action “Bark and
wood boring insects in living trees”. This support greatly facilitated
communications between all European BAWBILT scientists, and the joint work,
thus allowing building the foundations of the present synthesis. However, the ideas
expressed in this book do not necessarily reflect the views of the Commission and in
no way anticipate the Commission’s future policy in the corresponding areas.
The numerous reviewers of t he c hapters are thanked for their constructive
remarks, as well as the English speaking authors of the book for revising the English
in most of the chapters written by their non English speaking colleagues. Thanks
also to D. Sauvard (INRA, France) who prepared the index of scientific names and
the CD containing the database and the colour pictures. The BAWBILT colleagues
who provided colour pictures are also acknowledged. P. Romary (INRA, France)
helped in preparing pictures and M. Pitsch (INRA, Nanc y) provided the background
picture of the cover. Non-EU and EU scientists not involved in the Action, and who
presented lectures during a plenary meeting must also be thanked (list 1).
It must be especially emphasized that this synthesis would not have been
possible without the efficient participation in the Action of a ll the European
BAWBILT colleagues who, even if t hey were not authors of a chapter or if their
country is not a member of COST, worked very hard in the different working groups
and the plenary workshops, and in their respective countries, to gather all the
necessary information and build the databases of the synthesis, and in this way
contributed to the achievement of the project aims. All these colleagues are
gratefully acknowledged. The list of all European BAWBILT colleagues who were
involved actively in the Action is presented below in alphabetical order for eac h
participating country (list 2).
List 1. Experts invited to give a lecture during the final plenary meeting in Vienna (Austria).
Ayres, Matthews P., Department of Biological Sciences, Hanover, USA. “Tree
susceptibility to bark beetle attacks in relation to climatic changes”.
Govender, Prem, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of
Pretoria, Republic of South Africa. “Pest problems in relation to invasive forest
insect species and introduced tree species in South Africa”
Haack, Robert A., USDA Forest Service, East Lansing, USA. “Invasive forest insect
species in North America”.
Jactel, Hervé, Inst itut National de la Recherche Agronomique, P ierroton, France.
“Tree species biodiversity and pest dynamics”
Raffa, Kenneth F., Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
USA. “Role of insect-fungus relationships on population dynamics and host
selection behavior in forest insects”
Wagner, Michael R. School of Forestry, North Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA.
“Drought and bark beetle outbreaks”.
xi
xii
List 2. BAWBILT experts who participated actively in the Action.
Austria
Berger, Roland, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and App lied Life
Sciences, Vienna.
Führer, Erwin, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life
Sciences, Vienna.
Holzschuh, Carolus, Austrian Federal Office and Research Centre for Forests,
Vienna.
Kirisits, Thomas, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and App lied Life
Sciences, Vienna.
Krehan, Hannes, Austr ian Fe deral Office and Researc h Centre for Forests ,
Vienna.
Schopf, Axel, BOKU-Un iversity of Natural Resources an d Applied Life
Sciences, Vienna.
Stauffer, Christian, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Applied Life
Sciences, Vienna.
Tomiczek, Christian, Austrian Federal Office and Research Centre for Forests ,
Vienna.
Wegensteiner, Rudolph, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and App lied
Life Sciences, Vienna.
Belgium
De Proft, Michel, Centre de Recherches agronomiques de Gembloux
Franklin, Anne, Université Libre de Bruxelles
Gilbert, Marius, Université Libre de Bruxelles
Grégoire, Jean-Claude, Université Libre de Bruxelles
Czech Republic
Knizek, Milos, Forestry Research Institute, Zbraslav
Zahradnik, Petr, Forest and Game Management Research Institute, Zbraslav
Denmark
Harding, Susanne, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University,
Copenhagen
Ravn, Hans Peter, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Hoersholm
Estonia
Voolma, Kaljo, Estonian Agricultural University, Tartu
Finland
Annila, Erkki, Finnish Forest Research Institute
Heliovaara, Kari, University of Helsinki
Kyto, Maarit, Finnish Forest Research Institute
Mannerkoski, Ilpo, Finnish Environment Institute
Niemela, Pekka, University of Joensuu
Siitonen, Juha, Finnish Forest Research Institute
Viiri, Heli, Finnish Forest Research Institute
Viitassari, Matti, University of Helsinki
Ylioja, Tiina, Finnish Forest Research Institute
France
Bouhot-Delduc, Laurence, Département de la Santé des Forêts, Paris
