Bandwidth Allocation for Video under Quality of Service Constraints

153 Pages·2015·3.01 MB·English

by  Bushra Anjum

W746-Anjum.qxp_Layout 1 20/11/2014 09:19 Page 1
FOCUS
FOCUS SERIES in NETWORKS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
HB
au
rs NETWORKS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS SERIES
ryh
The famous trichotomous Quality of Service (QoS) triangle consists of three Pera A
main players: the sender, the receiver and the Internet Service Provider (ISP), rrn
also known as the carrier. The sender wants to send any type of traffic any time, osju
m
whereas the receiver expects to receive all this sent traffic intact, with low delay.
In addition, the third player, the carrier, wants to use the minimum possible
network capacity per customer, so that it can take more customers on its
network, resulting in higher profits. Between the three components, with high
stakes in the designing and provisioning of the IP-based Internet, the overall
performance of a network is established. However, it is the competing
expectations and demands of the three parties that makes QoS design and B
a
provisioning such an interesting topic and ongoing research problem. n
d
This book describes queuing-based solutions for estimating the bandwidth w
required for a video stream of packets so that a given percentile of the end-to- id
end delay is satisfied. In addition, a thorough investigation of the bandwidth th
required to satisfy given constraints on the percentile end-to-end delay, jitter, and A
packet loss rate, is undertaken using a CPU-efficient activity-based simulation ll
o
model. c
a
t
Within this theme, this book provides analytic expressions for adding percentiles, i
o
queuing-analytic calculation of the percentile end-to-end delay assuming an n

MMPP2 (two-stage Markov-Modulated Poisson Process) or MAP2 (two-stage F
o
Markov Arrival Process) arrival process. The authors also provide qualitative r

V
results on the dominance of constraints on the percentile end-to-end delay, jitter,
i
d
and packet loss rate, as well as examples using traces from Telepresence, e Bandwidth Allocation
WebEx, and IPTV. o

U
n
d
e
r for Video under

Q
u
a
Bushra Anjum is a Fulbright scholar and Assistant Professor in the Computer li
t
Science department at Missouri University of Science and Technology in the y Quality of Service

o
USA. Her research interests include mathematical and simulation based
f

foundations of performance evaluation, network modeling and resource S
e
allocation under QoS constraints, queuing theory, data & network analytics and r
v
data science. i Constraints
c
e
Harry Perros is an IEEE Fellow, Professor of Computer Science and the co-

founder and program coordinator of the Master of Science degree in Computer C
o
Networks at NC State University in the USA. His current research interests are n
s
in the areas of video traffic modeling, resource allocation under QoS, capacity t
r
planning of clouds, IoT, queuing theory and hidden Markov models. a
i
n
t Bushra Anjum and Harry Perros
s
Z(7ib8e8-CBHEGB(
www.iste.co.uk

Bandwidth Allocation for Video under
Quality of Service Constraints

FOCUS SERIES
Series Editor Harry Perros
Bandwidth Allocation for
Video under Quality of
Service Constraints

Bushra Anjum
Harry Perros
First published 2015 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced,
stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers,
or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the
CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the
undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
27-37 St George’s Road 111 River Street
London SW19 4EU Hoboken, NJ 07030
UK USA
www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2015
The rights of Bushra Anjum and Harry Perros to be identified as the authors of this work have been
asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014955864

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISSN 2051-2481 (Print)
ISSN 2051-249X (Online)
ISBN 978-1-84821-746-1
Contents
BIOGRAPHIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
CHAPTER 1. PARTITIONING THE END-TO-END
QOS BUDGET TO DOMAINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1. The need for adding percentiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2. Calculation of the weight function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1. Exponential components with
identical rate parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.2. Exponential components with
different rate parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.3. Two-stage Coxian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.3. Interprovider quality of service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.4. Single source shortest path using
Dijkstra’s algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.5. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
CHAPTER 2. BANDWIDTH ALLOCATION
FOR VIDEO: MMPP2 ARRIVALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.1. The queueing network under study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.2. Single-node decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.3. Bandwidth estimation based on bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.4. Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.5. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
vi Bandwidth Allocation for Video under Quality of Service Constraints
CHAPTER 3. BANDWIDTH ALLOCATION
FOR VIDEO: MAP2 ARRIVALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.1. The queueing network under study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.2. End-to-end delay estimation based on bounds . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.2.1. The interpolation function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.3. Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.4. Video traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.5. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
CHAPTER 4. BANDWIDTH ALLOCATION
FOR VIDEO: VIDEO TRACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.1. The proposed algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.2. Test traces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.3. Bandwidth requirements for
homogeneous flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.4. Bandwidth allocation under percentile
delay and jitter constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.5. Bandwidth allocation under percentile delay,
average jitter and packet loss rate constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.6. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Biographies
Bushra Anjum
Bushra Anjum is a Fulbright scholar from Pakistan and an
Assistant Professor in the Computer Science Department at Missouri
University of Science and Technology.
She received a BSc degree in Computer Science in 2005, Summa
Cum Laude, from National University of Computer and Emerging
Sciences, Pakistan. She received her MSc degree in Computer Science
in 2007, maintaining rank 1 in a group of 250 students and earning the
gold medal, from Lahore University of Management Sciences,
Pakistan. She completed a PhD degree in Computer Science from
North Carolina State University (NCSU), USA in 2012, advised by
Alumni Distinguished Graduate Professor and IEEE Fellow Dr. Harry
Perros.
Thereafter, she also completed a one-year Certificate of
Accomplishment in Teaching curriculum at NCSU. She represents
Pakistan at the Global Tech Women organization and is an advocate
of diversity and female participation in science, technology,
engineering and math (STEM) fields. She currently volunteers and is a
mentor at ACM MentorNet, Stanford She++, Empowering Leadership
Alliance and the Citizens Foundation.
She has authored scholarly papers in the areas of Performance
Evaluation and Quality of Service (QoS), Prediction/Provisioning for
viii Bandwidth Allocation for Video under Quality of Service Constraints
Networks using the techniques of Simulations, designing Protocols
and employing Queueing Theory mathematical modeling.
Harry G. Perros
Harry Perros is an IEEE Fellow, a Professor of Computer Science,
an Alumni Distinguished Graduate Professor, and the co-founder and
program coordinator of the M.Sc. degree in Computer Networks at
NC State University.
He received a BSc degree in Mathematics in 1970 from Athens
University, Greece, an MSc degree in Operational Research with
Computing from Leeds University, England, in 1971 and a PhD
degree in Operations Research from Trinity College Dublin, Ireland,
in 1975. He has held visiting faculty positions at the French Institute
for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA),
Rocquencourt, France (1979), NORTEL, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina (1988–1989 and 1995–1996), University of Paris 6,
France (1995–1996, 2000, 2002 and 2012), University of Paris 13,
France (2005–2006) and Victoria University, Wellington, New
Zealand (2006).
He has published extensively in the area of performance modeling
of computer and communication systems, and has organized several
national and international conferences. He has also published three
print books: Queueing Networks with Blocking: Exact and
Approximate Solutions, Oxford University Press 1994, An
Introduction to ATM Networks, Wiley 2001, Connection-Oriented
Networks, Wiley 2005 and an e-book Computer Simulation
Techniques – The Definitive Introduction, 2002. He recently
completed a new textbook entitled Networking Services: QoS,
Signaling, Processes, and a monograph on VBR Video Traffic
Models, ISTE and Wiley 2014.
In 1995, he founded the IFIP Working Group 6.3 on the
Performance of Communication Systems, and he was the chairman
from 1995 to 2002. He is also an associate editor of several journals