Ballistics: Theory and Design of Guns and Ammunition, Third Edition

671 Pages·2018·30.9 MB·English

by  Donald E. Carlucci

BALLISTICS
Theory and Design of Guns and Ammunition
Third Edition
http://taylorandfrancis.com
BALLISTICS
Theory and Design of Guns and Ammunition
Third Edition
Donald E. Carlucci
Sidney S. Jacobson
CRCPress
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Carlucci,DonaldE.,author.|Jacobson,SidneyS.,author.
Title:Ballistics:theoryanddesignandammunition/DonaldE.Carlucci&
SidneyS.Jacobson.
Description:Thirdedition.|BocaRaton:Taylor&Francis,2018.|
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2017044302|ISBN9781138055315(hardback)|
ISBN9781315165967(ebook)
Subjects:LCSH:Ballistics.
Classification:LCCUF820.C282018|DDC623/.51–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017044302
VisittheTaylor&FrancisWebsiteat
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
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Contents
Preface tothe Third Edition.........................................................................................................xi
Preface tothe Second Edition....................................................................................................xiii
Preface tothe First Edition..........................................................................................................xv
Authors........................................................................................................................................xvii
Section I Interior Ballistics
1. Introductory Concepts ..........................................................................................................3
1.1 Ballistic Disciplines.......................................................................................................4
1.2 Terminology..................................................................................................................4
1.3 Units and Symbols.......................................................................................................5
2. Physical Foundation of Interior Ballistics ........................................................................7
2.1 Ideal Gas Law...............................................................................................................7
2.2 Other GasLaws..........................................................................................................13
2.3 Thermophysics and Thermochemistry....................................................................15
2.4 Thermodynamics........................................................................................................20
2.5 Combustion.................................................................................................................24
2.6 Solid Propellant Combustion....................................................................................36
2.7 Fluid Mechanics..........................................................................................................45
References...............................................................................................................................65
3. Analytic andComputational Ballistics ...........................................................................67
3.1 Computational Goal...................................................................................................67
3.2 Lagrange Gradient......................................................................................................68
3.3 Lagrange Gradient forSpherical and CubicGrains..............................................96
3.4 Chambrage Gradient................................................................................................100
3.5 Numerical Methods in Interior Ballistics..............................................................102
3.6 Sensitivities and Efficiencies...................................................................................106
References.............................................................................................................................108
4. Ammunition Design Practice ..........................................................................................109
4.1 Stress andStrain.......................................................................................................109
4.2 Failure Criteria..........................................................................................................112
4.3 Ammunition Types..................................................................................................116
4.4 Propellant Ignition....................................................................................................117
4.5 Gun Chamber............................................................................................................117
4.6 Propellant Charge Construction.............................................................................118
4.7 Propellant Geometry................................................................................................119
4.8 Cartridge Case Design.............................................................................................120
4.9 Projectile Design.......................................................................................................123
v
vi Contents
4.10 Shell Structural Analysis.........................................................................................124
4.11 Buttress Thread Design............................................................................................144
4.12 Sabot Design..............................................................................................................152
References.............................................................................................................................160
Further Reading...................................................................................................................160
5. WeaponDesign Practice ..................................................................................................161
5.1 Fatigue and Endurance............................................................................................161
5.2 Tube Design...............................................................................................................163
5.3 Gun Dynamics..........................................................................................................169
5.4 Muzzle Devices andAssociated Phenomena.......................................................175
5.5 Gas-Operated Guns..................................................................................................183
Gun Dynamics Nomenclature...........................................................................................193
References.............................................................................................................................194
Further Reading...................................................................................................................194
6. Recoil Arresting and Recoilless Guns ..........................................................................195
6.1 Recoil Arresting........................................................................................................195
6.2 Muzzle Brakes...........................................................................................................196
6.3 Trench Mortar...........................................................................................................197
6.4 Recoilless Guns.........................................................................................................198
6.5 Interior Ballistics ofRecoilless Guns......................................................................200
References.............................................................................................................................202
Section II Exterior Ballistics
7. Introductory Concepts ......................................................................................................207
7.1 Definitions..................................................................................................................207
7.2 Development ofTotal Yaw Anglefrom Orthogonal Measurements...............216
References.............................................................................................................................220
Further Reading...................................................................................................................220
8. Dynamics Review ..............................................................................................................221
Reference...............................................................................................................................236
Further Reading...................................................................................................................236
9. Trajectories .........................................................................................................................237
9.1 Vacuum Trajectory...................................................................................................237
9.2 Simple AirTrajectory (Flat Fire).............................................................................245
9.3 Wind Effects on aSimple AirTrajectory...............................................................262
9.4 Generalized PointMass Trajectory........................................................................273
9.5 Six Degree-of-Freedom (6 DOF) Trajectory..........................................................282
9.6 Modified Point MassTrajectory.............................................................................300
9.7 Probability ofFirst Round Hit................................................................................311
References.............................................................................................................................314
Further Reading...................................................................................................................315
Contents vii
10. Linearized Aeroballistics .................................................................................................317
10.1 Linearized Pitching and YawingMotions............................................................319
10.2 Gyroscopic and DynamicStabilities......................................................................329
10.3 Yaw ofRepose..........................................................................................................336
10.4 Roll Resonance..........................................................................................................337
References.............................................................................................................................339
11. Mass Asymmetries ............................................................................................................341
References.............................................................................................................................343
12. Lateral Throwoff ................................................................................................................345
12.1 Static Imbalance........................................................................................................348
12.2 Dynamic Imbalance..................................................................................................349
References.............................................................................................................................354
13. SwerveMotion ...................................................................................................................355
13.1 Aerodynamic Jump..................................................................................................355
13.2 Epicyclic Swerve.......................................................................................................359
13.3 Drift.............................................................................................................................361
Reference...............................................................................................................................361
14. Nonlinear Aeroballistics ..................................................................................................363
14.1 Nonlinear Forces and Moments.............................................................................363
14.2 Bilinear and Trilinear Moments..............................................................................366
References.............................................................................................................................369
Section III Terminal Ballistics
15. Introductory Concepts ......................................................................................................373
16. Penetration Theories .........................................................................................................377
16.1 Penetration andPerforation ofMetals..................................................................377
16.2 Penetration andPerforation ofConcrete...............................................................397
16.3 Penetration andPerforation ofSoils......................................................................404
16.4 Penetration andPerforation ofCeramics..............................................................410
16.5 Penetration andPerforation ofComposites.........................................................417
References.............................................................................................................................420
17. Penetration of Homogeneous,Ductile Chromium–Nickel Steel Naval Armor
by ThreeRepresentative Designs ofNondeforming Hardened Steel
Armor-Piercing Projectiles withBare Noses ...............................................................421
17.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................421
17.2 Properties ofIron and Steel Materials Usedin Ship Construction
and Armor.................................................................................................................422
17.3 Wrought Iron............................................................................................................424
viii Contents
17.4 Cast Iron.....................................................................................................................425
17.5 Steel.............................................................................................................................426
17.6 Projectiles...................................................................................................................431
17.6.1 US ArmyWWII15 lb (6.8kg), 3in. (76.2mm) M79
Armor-Piercing Monobloc Shot................................................................432
17.6.2 Experimental 3in. (76.2 mm)and 0.78in. (20mm)
Flat-Nosed Projectiles.................................................................................432
17.6.3 Experimental 13lb, 3 in.Tapered Flat-Nose AP Projectile
withSmall Conical Windscreen................................................................435
17.7 Details onthe M79Nose Shape Effects on Armor Penetration
vs. Standard STS Plate.............................................................................................439
17.7.1 Normal Impact Results..............................................................................439
17.7.1.1 Very Thin-Plate Regime.............................................................439
17.7.1.2 Midthickness-Plate Regime.......................................................440
17.7.1.3 Thick-Plate Regime.....................................................................442
17.7.2 Oblique Impact Results..............................................................................443
17.7.3 Base-First Penetration.................................................................................448
17.8 US Army WWIIM79 APProjectile Penetration ofAverage-Strength
US Navy WWIISTS.................................................................................................449
17.9 More Detailed Definition ofArmor Penetration for Ogival Projectiles............451
17.10 Residual Velocity and Projectile Exit Angle.........................................................452
17.11 Basic Ogival Penetration Formulas andDefinitions...........................................454
17.12 Program Formulas, Data Sets, and Evaluation Logic.........................................459
17.12.1 Obliquity Angles up to45°.......................................................................469
17.12.2 Obliquity Angles over 45°.........................................................................475
17.12.3 Base-First Penetration at q = 65° orGreater...........................................477
References.............................................................................................................................478
18. Shock Physics .....................................................................................................................479
18.1 Shock Hugoniots.......................................................................................................479
18.2 Rarefaction Waves....................................................................................................495
18.3 Stress Waves inSolids.............................................................................................517
18.4 Detonation Physics...................................................................................................535
18.5 Explosive’sEquations of State................................................................................554
18.5.1 JWL Equation ofState................................................................................554
18.5.2 JWLBEquation of State..............................................................................555
18.5.3 Analytic CylinderModel...........................................................................556
References.............................................................................................................................559
Further Reading...................................................................................................................560
19. Introduction toExplosive Effects ...................................................................................561
19.1 Gurney Method.........................................................................................................561
19.2 Taylor Angles............................................................................................................565
19.3 Mott Formula............................................................................................................569
References.............................................................................................................................575
Further Reading...................................................................................................................575
Contents ix
20. Shaped Charges .................................................................................................................577
20.1 Shaped Charge Jet Formation.................................................................................579
20.2 Shaped Charge Jet Penetration...............................................................................587
References.............................................................................................................................598
Further Reading...................................................................................................................598
21. WoundBallistics ................................................................................................................599
References.............................................................................................................................609
Further Reading...................................................................................................................609
AppendixA.................................................................................................................................611
AppendixB.................................................................................................................................621
Index.............................................................................................................................................627