Ballistics: Theory and Design of Guns and Ammunition

514 Pages·2007·7.22 MB·English

by  Donald E. Carlucci

Carlucci/Ballistics:TheoryandDesignofGunsandAmmunition 66188_C000 FinalProof page i 7.11.2007 1:35pm CompositorName:VAmoudavally
BALLISTICS
THEORY AND DESIGN OF
GUNS AND AMMUNITION
Carlucci/Ballistics:TheoryandDesignofGunsandAmmunition 66188_C000 FinalProof page ii 7.11.2007 1:35pm CompositorName:VAmoudavally
Carlucci/Ballistics:TheoryandDesignofGunsandAmmunition 66188_C000 FinalProof page iii 7.11.2007 1:35pm CompositorName:VAmoudavally
BALLISTICS
THEORY AND DESIGN OF
GUNS AND AMMUNITION
DONALD E. CARLUCCI
SIDNEY S. JACOBSON
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Carlucci/Ballistics:TheoryandDesignofGunsandAmmunition 66188_C000 FinalProof page iv 7.11.2007 1:35pm CompositorName:VAmoudavally
The design, fabrication and use of guns, ammunition and explosives are, by their very nature, dangerous. The techniques,
theories, and procedures developed in this book should not be utilized by anyone without the proper training and certi-
fications. In the checking and editing of these techniques, theories, and procedures, every effort has been made to iden-
tify potential hazardous steps, and safety precautions have been inserted where appropriate. However, these techniques,
theories, and procedures must be exercised at one’s own risk. The authors and the publisher, its subsidiaries and distribu-
tors, assume no liability and make no guarantees or warranties, express or implied, for the accuracy of the contents of
this book or the use of information, methods or products described within. In no event shall the authors, the publisher,
its subsidiaries or distributors be liable for any damages and expenses resulting from the use of information, methods, or
products described in this book.
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
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International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-6618-0 (Hardcover)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted
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publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Carlucci, Donald E.
Ballistics : theory and design of guns and ammunition / by Donald E. Carlucci and Sidney S.
Jacobson.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4200-6618-0
ISBN-10: 1-4200-6618-8
1. Ballistics. I. Jacobson, Sidney S. II. Title.
UF820.C28 2008
623’.51--dc22 2007026359
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Carlucci/Ballistics:TheoryandDesignofGunsandAmmunition 66188_C000 FinalProof page v 7.11.2007 1:35pm CompositorName:VAmoudavally
To PegC., Sandy J.,andourfamilies,
without whose patience andsupport
we couldnothave brought
this work to completion
Carlucci/Ballistics:TheoryandDesignofGunsandAmmunition 66188_C000 FinalProof page vi 7.11.2007 1:35pm CompositorName:VAmoudavally
Carlucci/Ballistics:TheoryandDesignofGunsandAmmunition 66188_C000 FinalProof page vii 7.11.2007 1:35pm CompositorName:VAmoudavally
Contents
Preface.............................................................................................................................................xi
Authors.........................................................................................................................................xiii
Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................xv
Part I Interior Ballistics
Chapter 1 Introductory Concepts...............................................................................3
1.1 Ballistic Disciplines..................................................................................................4
1.2 Terminology.............................................................................................................4
1.3 Units and Symbols...................................................................................................5
Chapter 2 Physical Foundation of Interior Ballistics...............................................7
2.1 The Ideal Gas Law...................................................................................................7
2.2 Other Gas Laws.....................................................................................................14
2.3 Thermophysics and Thermochemistry.................................................................14
2.4 Thermodynamics...................................................................................................19
2.5 Combustion............................................................................................................24
2.6 Solid Propellant Combustion................................................................................34
2.7 Fluid Mechanics.....................................................................................................43
References.......................................................................................................................61
Chapter 3 Analytic and Computational Ballistics..................................................63
3.1 Computational Goal..............................................................................................63
3.2 Lagrange Gradient.................................................................................................64
3.3 Chambrage Gradient.............................................................................................88
3.4 Numerical Methods in Interior Ballistics.............................................................90
3.5 Sensitivities and Efficiencies.................................................................................94
References.......................................................................................................................96
Chapter 4 Ammunition Design Practice..................................................................97
4.1 Stress and Strain....................................................................................................97
4.2 Failure Criteria.....................................................................................................100
4.3 Ammunition Types..............................................................................................104
4.4 Propellant Ignition...............................................................................................104
4.5 The Gun Chamber...............................................................................................105
4.6 Propellant Charge Construction.........................................................................106
4.7 Propellant Geometry...........................................................................................107
4.8 Cartridge Case Design.........................................................................................108
4.9 Projectile Design..................................................................................................110
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4.10 Shell Structural Analysis...................................................................................111
4.11 Buttress Thread Design.....................................................................................129
4.12 Sabot Design......................................................................................................136
References.....................................................................................................................142
Further Reading...........................................................................................................143
Chapter 5 Weapon Design Practice.......................................................................145
5.1 Fatigue and Endurance......................................................................................145
5.2 Tube Design.......................................................................................................147
5.3 Gun Dynamics ...................................................................................................153
5.4 Muzzle Devices and Associated Phenomena...................................................158
Gun Dynamics Nomenclature.....................................................................................165
References.....................................................................................................................166
Further Reading...........................................................................................................166
Part II Exterior Ballistics
Chapter 6 Introductory Concepts...........................................................................169
References.....................................................................................................................178
Further Reading...........................................................................................................178
Chapter 7 Dynamics Review...................................................................................179
Reference......................................................................................................................193
Further Reading...........................................................................................................194
Chapter 8 Trajectories.............................................................................................195
8.1 Vacuum Trajectory ............................................................................................195
8.2 Simple Air Trajectory (Flat Fire).......................................................................202
8.3 Wind Effects on a Simple Air Trajectory..........................................................211
8.4 Generalized Point Mass Trajectory...................................................................221
8.5 Six Degree-of-Freedom (6-DOF) Trajectory .....................................................230
8.6 Modified Point Mass Trajectory........................................................................246
References.....................................................................................................................256
Further Reading...........................................................................................................256
Chapter 9 Linearized Aeroballistics......................................................................257
9.1 Linearized Pitching and Yawing Motions........................................................259
9.2 Gyroscopic and Dynamic Stabilities.................................................................269
9.3 Yaw of Repose....................................................................................................274
9.4 Roll Resonance...................................................................................................274
References.....................................................................................................................277
Chapter 10 Mass Asymmetries...............................................................................279
References.....................................................................................................................280
Chapter 11 Lateral Throwoff..................................................................................283
11.1 Static Imbalance.................................................................................................286
11.2 Dynamic Imbalance...........................................................................................287
References.....................................................................................................................291
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Chapter 12 Swerve Motion.....................................................................................293
12.1 Aerodynamic Jump............................................................................................293
12.2 Epicyclic Swerve................................................................................................296
12.3 Drift....................................................................................................................298
Reference......................................................................................................................298
Chapter 13 Nonlinear Aeroballistics.....................................................................299
13.1 Nonlinear Forces and Moments........................................................................299
13.2 Bilinear and Trilinear Moments........................................................................302
References.....................................................................................................................305
Part III Terminal Ballistics
Chapter 14 Introductory Concepts.........................................................................309
Chapter 15 Penetration Theories............................................................................313
15.1 Penetration and Perforation of Metals.............................................................313
15.2 Penetration and Perforation of Concrete..........................................................330
15.3 Penetration and Perforation of Soils.................................................................336
15.4 Penetration and Perforation of Ceramics.........................................................342
15.5 Penetration and Perforation of Composites.....................................................349
References.....................................................................................................................351
Chapter 16 Shock Physics.......................................................................................353
16.1 Shock Hugoniots................................................................................................353
16.2 Rarefaction Waves.............................................................................................370
16.3 Stress Waves in Solids.......................................................................................391
16.4 Detonation Physics............................................................................................408
References.....................................................................................................................426
Further Reading...........................................................................................................426
Chapter 17 Introduction to Explosive Effects.......................................................429
17.1 Gurney Method..................................................................................................429
17.2 Taylor Angles.....................................................................................................432
17.3 Mott Formula.....................................................................................................437
References.....................................................................................................................443
Further Reading...........................................................................................................443
Chapter 18 Shaped Charges....................................................................................445
18.1 Shaped Charge Jet Formation...........................................................................447
18.2 Shaped Charge Jet Penetration.........................................................................455
References.....................................................................................................................466
Further Reading...........................................................................................................466
Chapter 19 Wound Ballistics..................................................................................467
References.....................................................................................................................472
Further Reading...........................................................................................................472