Bacteriophages in the Control of Food- And Waterborne Pathogens

366 Pages·2010·5.64 MB·English

by  Parviz M. Sabour, Mansel W. Griffiths

Bacteriophages in the
Control of Food- and
Waterborne Pathogens
E D I T E D B Y
Parviz M. Sabour
Guelph Food Research Centre, Research Branch
Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Mansel MI. Griffiths
Canadian Research Institute for Food Safity
Department of Food Science
University of Guelph
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
ASM
PRESS W A S H I N G T O N , D C
Cover image: Ed Atkeson, Berg Design
Copyright(cid:2) 2010 ASM Press
American Society for Microbiology
1752 N St., N.W.
Washington, DC 20036-2904
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bacteriophages in the control of food- and waterborne pathogens / edited by Parviz M.
Sabour and Mansel W. Griffiths.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-55581-502-8 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 1-55581-502-2 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Bacteriophages—Therapeutic use. 2. Bacteriophages—Diagnostic use. 3. Food
contamination. 4. Water—Pollution. I. Sabour, Parviz M. II. Griffiths, Mansel. III.
American Society for Microbiology.
[DNLM: 1. Bacteriophages. 2. Food Contamination—prevention & control. 3. Food
Microbiology. 4. Water Microbiology. QW 161 B1318 2010]
QR342.B3385 2010
579.2(cid:2)6—dc22
2010014688
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
All Rights Reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Address editorial correspondence to ASM Press, 1752 N St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036-2904, USA
Send orders to ASM Press, P.O. Box 605, Herndon, VA 20172, USA
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CONTENTS
Contributors vii
Foreword Elizabeth Kutter xi
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
1. Implications of Antimicrobial Agents as Therapeutics and
Growth Promoters in Food Animal Production
Patrick Boerlin
1
2. Introduction to Bacteriophage Biology and Diversity
Pieter-Jan Ceyssens and Rob Lavigne
11
3. Phage-Based Methods for the Detection of
Bacterial Pathogens
Mansel W. Griffiths
31
4. Application of Bacteriophages To Control Pathogens in
Food Animal Production
Lawrence D. Goodridge
61
5. Bacteriophages for Control of Phytopathogens in
Food Production Systems
Antonet M. Svircev, Alan J. Castle, and Susan M. Lehman
79
6. Potential Use of Bacteriophages as Indicators of Water
Quality and Wastewater Treatment Processes
Francisco Lucena and Juan Jofre
103
v
(cid:3)
vi CONTENTS
7. Application of Bacteriophages To Control Pathogenic and
Spoilage Bacteria in Food Processing and Distribution
J. Andrew Hudson, Lynn McIntyre, and Craig Billington
119
8. Bacteriophage Lytic Enzymes as Antimicrobials
Caren J. Stark, Richard P. Bonocora, James T. Hoopes, and Daniel C. Nelson
137
9. Lysogenic Conversion in Bacteria of Importance to the
Food Industry
Marcin Ło´s, John Kuzio, Michael R. McConnell, Andrew M. Kropinski,
Grzegorz We˛grzyn, and Gail E. Christie
157
10. Bacteriophages in Industrial Food Processing: Incidence and
Control in Industrial Fermentation
Simon Labrie and Sylvain Moineau
199
11. Practical and Theoretical Considerations for the Use of
Bacteriophages in Food Systems
Jason J. Gill
217
12. Encapsulation and Controlled Release of Bacteriophages for
Food Animal Production
Qi Wang and Parviz M. Sabour
237
13. Application of Bacteriophages for Control of Infectious
Diseases in Aquaculture
Toshihiro Nakai
257
14. Control of Bacterial Diarrhea with Phages: Coverage and
Safety Issues in Bacteriophage Therapy
Harald Bru¨ssow
273
15. Industrial and Regulatory Issues in Bacteriophage
Applications in Food Production and Processing
Alexander Sulakvelidze and Gary R. Pasternack
297
Index 327
CONTRIBUTORS
Craig Billington
Food Safety Programme
Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd.
Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
Patrick Boerlin
Department of Pathobiology
Ontario Veterinary College
University of Guelph
Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
Richard P. Bonocora
Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
National Institutes of Health
Bethesda, MD 20892
Harald Bru¨ssow
Nutrition and Health Department
Nestle´ Research Center
Vers-chez-les-Blanc
CH-1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
Alan J. Castle
Department of Biological Sciences
Brock University
500 Glenridge Avenue
St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada
Pieter-Jan Ceyssens
Department of Biosystems
Division of Gene Technology
Kasteelpark Arenberg 21 bus 2462
B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
vii
(cid:3)
viii CONTRIBUTORS
Gail E. Christie
Department of Microbiology & Immunology
Virginia Commonwealth University
P.O. Box 980678, 1101 East Marshall Street, 6-034 Sanger Hall
Richmond, VA 23298-0678
Jason J. Gill
Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Center for Phage Technology
Texas A&M University
2128 TAMU
College Station, TX 77843
Lawrence D. Goodridge
Department of Animal Sciences
Center for Meat Safety and Quality
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, CO 80523
Mansel W. Griffiths
Department of Food Science and Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety
University of Guelph
43 McGilvray Street
Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
James T. Hoopes
Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology
University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute
Rockville, MD 20850
J. Andrew Hudson
Food Safety Programme
Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd.
Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
Juan Jofre
Department of Microbiology
Faculty of Biology
University of Barcelona
Avinguda Diagonal 645
08028 Barcelona, Spain
Andrew M. Kropinski
Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses
Public Health Agency of Canada
110 Stone Road West
Guelph, Ontario N1G 3W4, Canada
John Kuzio
Department of Microbiology and Immunology
Queen’s University
Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
(cid:3)
CONTRIBUTORS ix
Simon Labrie
De´partementde biochimie et de microbiologie
Faculte´ des sciences et de ge´nie
Groupe de recherche en e´cologiebuccale
Faculte´ de me´decinedentaire
Fe´lix d’He´relle Reference Center for Bacterial Viruses
Universite´ Laval
Que´becCity, Que´becG1V 0A6, Canada
Rob Lavigne
Department of Biosystems
Division of Gene Technology
Kasteelpark Arenberg 21 bus 2462
B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
Susan M. Lehman
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1600 Clifton Road NE, Mail Stop C-16
Atlanta, GA 30333
Marcin Łos´
Department of Molecular Biology
University of Gdansk
Kladki 24
80-822 Gdansk, Poland
Francisco Lucena
Department of Microbiology
Faculty of Biology
University of Barcelona
Avinguda Diagonal 645
08028 Barcelona, Spain
Lynn McIntyre
Food Safety Programme
Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd.
Christchurch 8540, New Zealand
Michael R. McConnell
Department of Biology
Point Loma Nazarene University
3900 Lomaland Drive
San Diego, CA 92106
Sylvain Moineau
De´partementde biochimie et de microbiologie
Faculte´ des sciences et de ge´nie
Groupe de recherche en e´cologiebuccale
Faculte´ de me´decinedentaire
Fe´lix d’He´relle Reference Center for Bacterial Viruses
Universite´ Laval
Que´becCity, Que´becG1V 0A6, Canada
Toshihiro Nakai
Laboratory of Fish Pathology
Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences
Hiroshima University
Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
(cid:3)
x CONTRIBUTORS
Daniel C. Nelson
Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology
University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute
Rockville, MD 20850
Gary R. Pasternack
Intralytix, Inc.
The Columbus Centre
701 East Pratt Street
Baltimore, MD 21202
Parviz M. Sabour
Guelph Food Research Centre
Research Branch
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
93 Stone Road West
Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
Caren J. Stark
Center for Advanced Research in Biotechnology
University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute
Rockville, MD 20850
Alexander Sulakvelidze
Intralytix, Inc.
The Columbus Centre
701 East Pratt Street
Baltimore, MD 21202
Antonet M. Svircev
Research Branch
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
4902 Victoria Avenue North, P.O. Box 6000
Vineland Station, Ontario L0R 2E0, Canada
Qi Wang
Guelph Food Research Centre
Research Branch
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
93 Stone Road West
Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
Grzegorz We˛grzyn
Department of Molecular Biology
University of Gdansk
Kladki 24
80-822 Gdansk, Poland
FOREWORD
This very timely book effectively addresses a number of important issues:
he growing concerns about food safety in light of widespread outbreaks
of pathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli, leading to massive food
recalls; the rise in resistance to current antimicrobials, exacerbated by their
extensive use in agriculture; the challenges of quickly and specifically identi-
fying pathogenic bacterial strains; and the frustrations of phage invasion of
food-fermentation vats. As antibiotic resistance becomes more widespread, it
makes sense to aggressively explorethetherapeuticpotentialofphages,taking
advantage of modern biological tools to select the most effective, characterize
them thoroughly under relevant physiological conditions, and carryoutwell-
controlled studies. Gaining research funding and approval for human therapy
implementation has proven very challenging in the Western world for a va-
riety of regulatory and financial reasons. As a result, many of those drawn to
such work have decided to focus atpresentonnonmedicalapplicationsinless
regulated key areas such as agriculture and food safety, thus dealing with
significant parts of the problem while collecting relevant phage experience
and developing expertise at commercialization.
The most significant recent advances toward phage therapy are in fact re-
lated to food safety, as discussed in several chapters of this new ASM book.
A major milestone was the 2006 FDA approval of an Intralytix, Inc. cocktail
of phages targeting Listeria monocytogenes for use on ready-to-eat meats and
cheeses, including the right to substitute related well-characterizedphagesfor
those in the cocktail as initially approved—a crucial factor for many phage
applications. In this context chapter 15, by Alexander Sulakvelidze and Gary
R. Pasternack of Intralytix, on industrial and regulatory issues related to bac-
teriophageapplicationsinfoodproductionandprocessingisparticularlyuseful,
complementing chapter 7, by the New Zealand team of J. Andrew Hudson
et al., on phagecontrol ofpathogenicandspoilagebacteriainfoodprocessing
and distribution.
xi
(cid:3)
xii FOREWORD
Muchinterestingandproductiveworkisalreadyunderway.AUtahphage
company, OmniLytics, Inc., has won permission to market phage treatments
for such applications as managing plant pathogens and preslaughter reduction
ofE.coliO157levelsincattle,withclearofficialrecognitionthatthisapproach
isfarlesspotentiallyhazardousthanstandardchemicalmethods.BoththeU.S.
military and the U.S. Department of Agriculture are supporting sophisticated
pathogen detection and food safety work. The research cluster of the Guelph
Food Research Centre, the University of Guelph and its Canadian Research
InstituteforFoodSafety,andthePublicHealthAgencyofCanada,alllocated
in Guelph, Ontario, are deeply committed to exploring and applying phage
approaches for livestock, crops, and food safety, along with providing badly
needed underpinnings in basic research. Significant initiatives are also under
way in Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain, Japan, and other countries.
Bacteriophages in the Control of Food- and Waterborne Pathogens doesanexcellent
job of bringing the resultant academic, governmental, and corporate work
togetherforthefirsttime.Itcanbeexpectedtohelpspearheadfutureresearch
and increasingly rapid progress in this new field, with many possibilities for
new applications and patents. (It should be noted here thattheveryextensive
phage research in Eastern Europewas sodeeplycommittedtohumantherapy
that little agricultural or water quality work was carried out there until very
recently; the same was true of the work going on in the West over the first
half of the last century.)
Historically,thefirst-everASMmonograph(Mathewsetal.,1983)focused
on a phage—bacteriophage T4, the primary tool in the development of the
field of molecular biology. There were detailed discussions of T4’s structure
and initiation of infection; of the enzymes of DNA metabolism that it en-
coded; of the processes of DNA replication, recombination, and repair; of
RNA polymerase modifications and the regulation of the various classes of
genes; and of the processes of head, tail, and tail fiber morphogenesis. It also
included a restriction map of the whole T4 genome and details of the 133
T4 genes known to date. The next ASM phage book (Karam, 1994) again
focused on T4. It elaborated much further on molecular aspects of the infec-
tion process and included the first analysis of the complete T4 genomic se-
quence, a two-dimensional protein gel portrayal of the pattern of synthesis of
T4 early proteins, and a chapter on the effects of host physiology on the
infection process. It also included a very extensive section on methods of
working with phage—the first such compendium since the classic book Bac-
teriophages by Adams (1959). That book, still used worldwide, was based on
the Cold Spring Harbor phage courses of the 1940s and 1950s, and was en-
riched by the phage meetings there (as were the Cold Spring Harbor Labo-
ratory volumes on phages lambda [e.g., Hendrix et al., 1983]and muand the
RNA phages).
BothASMT4booksgrewoutoftheEvergreenInternationalT4Meetings,
with competing research labs often collaborating on the chapters, reflecting
the strong collegiality of the phage community that has been so important to
the field since the 1940s. The 1994 book had an amazing 105 contributors
from around the world but not a single mention of phage applications. At
that time the West was just beginning to be aware of the ongoing Soviet