Bacterial Adhesion to Cells and Tissues

584 Pages·1994·8.15 MB·English

by  Itzhak Ofek

Bacterial Adhesion
to Cells and Tissues
Bacterial Adhesion
to Cells and Tissues
J.
ITZHAK OFEK AND RONALD DOYLE
CHAPMAN & HALL
New York· London
First published in 1994 by
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Published in Great Britain by
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© 1994 Chapman & Hall, Inc.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1994
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Ofek, Itzhak
Bacterial adhesion to cells & tissues 1 Itzhak Ofek and Ronald J. Doyle.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-6437-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-6435-1
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-6435-1
1. Bacteria-Adhesion. I. Doyle, Ronald J. II. Title. III. Title:
Bacterial adhesion to cells and tissues.
[DNLM: 1. Bacterial Adhesion. 2. Cell Adhesion. QW 52 D754b
1993]
QR96.8.D68 1993
589.9'087'5-dc20
DNLM/DLC
for Library of Congress 93-7370
CIP
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
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Dedication
In Memory of a Friend: Edwin H. Beachey, M.D.
We dedicate this book to the memory of our friend, Ed Beachey. It seems
almost impossible that we live in a world without Ed, who was a victim of
cancer in 1989 at a relatively young age. Our dedication of this book to Ed
attests to our personal respect for and friendship with him.
When Ed was a medical student at Northwestern University, he became ill
with rheumatic fever, a sequellae to a streptococcal infection. His attending
physician, Gene Stollerman, proved to be such an influence on Ed that he
dedicated his career to the study of streptococcal diseases. Most individuals
who study this book will immediately recognize the contributions Ed made to
streptococcal adhesion. They will also recognize the name of Ed as a leader in
microbial adhesion mechanisms of other bacterial pathogens. In fact, in a review
article he wrote in the early 1980s for the Journal of Infectious Diseases, Ed
captured the most important principles of bacterial adhesion to soft and hard
tissues, including the role of adhesion in pathogenesis. The article was especially
important in its presentation of basic molecular methodology to study bacterial
adhesion. It is not surprising that this review became a Citation Classic and
continues to be well-cited.
Ed Beachey grew in stature in the scientific world from the early 1970s to the
late 1980s, and his remarkable abilities seemed to emerge more and more from
year to year. Young scientists from around the world found a way to visit Ed
in Memphis. In spite of demands for teaching, clinical rounds, grants, paper
writing, writing of reviews, refereeing, scientific study sections and other respon
sibilities, Ed always was a gracious host. We do not know of other individuals
who have so assiduously devoted themselves to the course of science.
Although Ed has been gone for more than three years, we retain a fond and
respectful memory of him. His fundamental work on bacterial adhesion will
continue to inspire us and others for generations to come. Long live the legacy
of Ed Beachey.
v
Contents
Dedication v
Preface ix
Chapter 1. Principles of Bacterial Adhesion
Chapter 2. Methods, Models, and Analysis of Bacterial Adhesion 16
Chapter 3. Animal Cell Membranes as Substrata for Bacteria Adhesion 41
Chapter 4. Relationship Between Bacterial Cell Surfaces and Adhesins 54
Chapter 5. Bacterial Lectins as Adhesins 94
Chapter 6. Gram-Positive Pyogenic Cocci 136
Chapter 7. Interaction of Bacteria with Phagocytic Cells 171
Chapter 8. Adhesion of Bacteria to Oral Tissues 195
Chapter 9. Regulation and Expression of Bacterial Adhesins 239
Chapter 10. Recent Developments in Bacterial Adhesion to Animal Cells 321
Chapter 11. Common Themes in Bacterial Adhesion 513
Index 563
vii
Preface
Systematic studies on bacterial adhesion began about three decades ago. By
the mid 1980s, there were approximately 500 publications per year on adhesion
and its relationship to pathogenesis, a level that has been sustained. The emer
gence of recombinant DNA technology, gene cloning, and rapid DNA sequencing
methods and the development of reliable assays for bacterial adhesion have
resulted in a shift of research eff0rts aimed toward an understanding of the
molecular mechanisms of adhesin regulation. Concomitantly, new techniques
have been developed to identify and isolate adhesin receptors.
This volume emphasizes three general areas of adhesion of pathogenic bacteria:
(1) A review of the most extensively studied bacteria, especially Escherichia
coli, describing the molecular mechanisms of adhesion. Chapters dealing with
pyogenic Gram-positive cocci and oral bacteria as well as detailed chapters on
the biogenesis and regulation of adhesins are also included. (2) The recognition
of common themes in adhesion is made clear at several locations in the text.
One chapter devotes considerable space to the common themes of bacterial
adhesion. (3) The final area is concerned with data treatment, methods in adhe
sion, principles of adhesion, and composition of surfaces of bacteria and eucary
otic cell receptors. Additional chapters deal with lectins as adhesins and with
adhesion in nonopsonic phagocytosis.
In general, we have attempted to present views dealing with mechanisms of
bacterial adhesion and its regulation, focusing on bacteria that have been studied
in detail at the molecular level. We wish to express our gratitude to the late
Ed Beachey for stimulating discussions and for support and encouragement in
convincing us to write this book. We also thank the numerous granting agencies
that have supported our research, including the NIDR-NIH, March of Dimes
(Ohio Valley), US-Israel Bi-Nat Science Foundation, the US Army R&D
Command, and the V A hospital system. Finally, much credit is due to Administra
tive Assistant Atha Carter and typist Kim Hayes.
I. Ofek, Tel-Aviv
R.I. Doyle, Louisville, KY
ix
Bacterial Adhesion
to Cells and Tissues
1
Principles of Bacterial Adhesion
Certain fundamental aspects of bacterial adhesion have been known for years
(reviewed in Marshall, 1976; Ellwood et aI., 1979; Beachey, 1980a, b; Berkeley
et aI., 1980; Bitton and Marshall, 1980; Beachey et aI., 1982; Schlessinger,
1982; Jones and Isaacson, 1984; Marshall, 1984; Mergenhagen and Rosan, 1985;
Savage and Fletcher, 1985; Lark et aI., 1986). More discussions on various
fundamental aspects can also be found in other selected books (Boedeker, 1984;
Mirelman, 1986; Switalski et aI., 1989; Doyle and Rosenberg, 1990; Hook and
Switalski, 1992). During the first decade of intense research on the adhesion of
microorganisms to various substrata a number of points had become clear. One,
there is little doubt that the survival of microorganisms in various niches is
dependent on their ability to adhere to surfaces or substrata. Second, the adhesion
process involves an interaction between complementary molecules on the respec
tive surfaces of the microbe and the substratum. Third, the expression by the
organisms of the macromolecules that participate in the adhesion process is under
a number of regulatory control mechanisms. During the second decade of research
most of the efforts have been focused on molecular mechanisms (fine specificity
and genetic control) and consequences of the adhesion phenomenon, with the
premise that the process of microbial adhesion may be specifically manipulated.
In this first chapter the fundamental principles that have emerged from studies
performed during the last two decades are reviewed, with an emphasis on how
bacteria adhere to biological substrata, the importance of adhesion in infectious
processes, and the basic genetic and phenotypic variables affecting adhesion. A
summary of common terms that are now widely used and have become prominent
in the concepts developed in the study of bacterial adhesion is given in Table
1-1. The chapters that follow provide more in-depth discussion of the molecular
nature of adhesins and their receptors. In addition, thorough reviews of the
genetic regulation of adhesins are presented, along with an appraisal of the
1
Table 1-1. Explanation of terms in bacterial adhesion
Adhesion The measurable union between a bacterium and a substratum. A bacterium is
(or adherence) said to have adhered to a substratum when energy is required to separate the
bacterium from the substratum.
Adhesin A surface molecule of a bacterium capable of binding to a receptor on a
substratum. Most bacterial species express more than one type of adhesin. An
adhesin site is a region of the adhesin molecule engaged in stereospecific
interaction with a receptor. In some cases, an adhesin may possess two or
more distinct adhesin sites specific for two distinct receptors.
Amorphin Amorphous appearing materials observed on the surfaces of some bacteria.
Amorphin does not appear to possess regular repeating structures and may be
composed of protein and/or polysaccharide.
Association An encounter between a bacterium and a substratum that may lead to
adhesion of the bacterium without specification of mechanism.
Capsule Secreted polymers, usually acidic polysaccharide, that have a tendency to
remain cell associated and may participate in adhesive events. Capsule-like
proteins have been implicated as adhesins in a few bacteria.
Colonization Bacterial growth at a site following adhesion of bacteria on the site.
Cryptitope Latent receptor for a bacterial adhesin. The cryptitope may be made available
as a receptor by proteolysis, heat, or other treatments.
Deposition Bacteria adhering to a substratum during fluid movement.
Fibrillae Appendages, consisting of protein subunits, emanating from the wall or
membrane compartments of Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. The
fibrillae are usually shorter than fimbriae and are usually of an indeterminant
diameter. Fibrillae carry adhesins in a not well understood manner.
Fimbriae Appendages, consisting of protein subunits that are anchored in the outer
or pili membrane of Gram-negative bacteria or the cytoplasmic membrane or cell
wall of Gram-positive bacteria. Fimbriae may be tubular (rigid) or flexible.
Rigid fimbriae are usually 6-10 nm in diameter and carry adhesins at their
tips and in some cases along their sides as well. Flexible fimbriae are thin
(usually < 5 mm in diamater) and usually carry adhesins along their entire
length.
Glycocalyx The outer coating of polysaccharide possessed by some bacteria. Some refer
to capsule or cell-associated slime as a glycocalyx.
Hydrophobic A name given for the tendency of apolar molecules to adhere or bind to each
effect other. A hydrophobic molecule has a greater tendency to adhere to another
apolar molecule than to water.
Hydrophobins Apolar molecules on bacterial surfaces involved in adhesion.
Isolectins Proteins with identical function and specificity but differing slightly in amino
acid composition.
Isoreceptor A form of an adhesin receptor that differs in composition from another
receptor with similar function and stereochemical arrangements.
Lectin A carbohydrate binding protein of nonimmune origin. Many bacteria employ
surface lectins as adhesins.
continued
2
Principles of Bacterial Adhesion / 3
Table 1-1. continued
Ligand Molecules complementary to adhesin or receptor.
MATH Acronym for microbial adhesion to hydrocarbons
Microbioadh Association between microorganisms leading to aggregation or cohesion.
Small cocci adhering with rod-shaped bacteria form aggregating pairs referred
to as "com cobs," a term also employed for other interacting bacteria.
Microbioadh is a replacement for com cobs and includes all coaggregating
microorganisms.
Nonspecific An association between the bacterium and a substatum that does not require a
adhesion precise stereochemical fit. The same forces involved in the specific adhesion
are also involved in nonspecific adhesion.
Pellicle A coated surface. Salivary pellicles consist of saliva-coated surfaces. The
term "conditioned" surface is a synonym for pellicle that is most often used in
environmental adhesion.
RGD An amino acid sequence, arginine-glycine-aspartic acid, found in the primary
structure of proteins or glycoproteins of host (e.g., fibronectin) or bacterial
origin and recognized by integrin molecules on many types of animal cell
surfaces. Some bacteria (invasin-bearing Yersinia) adhere to animal cells via
an RGD-dependent interaction.
Receptor A substratum molecule that is complementary to an adhesin. In some cases
the distinction between "receptor" and "adhesin" cannot be made and the
terms may be used interchangeably. A receptor site (attachment site) is a
defined region of the substratum molecule engaged in stereospecific
interaction with the adhesin. In some cases a receptor may have two distinct
receptor sites for two distinct adhesins.
Slimectin Soluble secreted polymers, usually acidic polysaccharide, involved in
adhesion; to be distinguished from "slime," a name reserved for noncapsular
secreted polymers of similar structures not involved in adhesion phenomena.
Specific adhesion An association between a bacterium and a substratum that requires rigid
stereochemical constraints. Specific adhesion may require hydrogen bond
formation, ion-ion pairing, or the hydrophobic effect.
Substratum A surface bearing receptors for bacterial adhesins.
Tropism The apparent tendency of bacterium to colonize a specific tissue. Some
bacteria are found in high numbers in buccal mucosal cells, so the bacteria
are said to have a tropism for those cells. Tropism is a result of many host
and bacterial factors, one of which is adhesion.
biological significance of the adhesion process. Finally, recent advances on
adhesion of the most widely studied pathogens are provided.
How Bacteria Adhere
Bacteria adhere only to complementary substrata. They adhere by ionic or Cou
lombic interactions, by hydrogen bonding (Pimental and McClellan, 1990), by
the hydrophobic effect (Duncan-Hewitt, 1990), and by coordination complexes