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Published in 2011 by Britannica Educational Publishing (a trademark of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.) in association with Rosen Educational Services, LLC 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010. Copyright © 2011 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, and the Thistle logo are registered trademarks of Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved. Rosen Educational Services materials copyright © 2011 Rosen Educational Services, LLC. All rights reserved. Distributed exclusively by Rosen Educational Services. For a listing of additional Britannica Educational Publishing titles, call toll free (800) 237-9932. First Edition Britannica Educational Publishing Michael I. Levy: Executive Editor J.E. Luebering: Senior Manager Marilyn L. Barton: Senior Coordinator, Production Control Steven Bosco: Director, Editorial Technologies Lisa S. Braucher: Senior Producer and Data Editor Yvette Charboneau: Senior Copy Editor Kathy Nakamura: Manager, Media Acquisition Kara Rogers: Senior Editor, Biomedical Sciences Rosen Educational Services Alexandra Hanson-Harding: Editor Nelson Sá: Art Director Cindy Reiman: Photography Manager Matthew Cauli: Cover Design Introduction by Jennifer Capuzzo Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bacteria and Viruses / edited by Kara Rogers. p. cm.—(Biochemistry, cells, and life) “In association with Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61530-376-2 (eBook) 1. Bacteria—Popular works. 2. Viruses—Popular works. I. Rogers, Kara. II. Series: Biochemistry, cells, and life. [DNLM: 1. Bacteria. 2. Viruses. QW 50 B131 2011] QR56.B23 2011 579.3—dc22 2010016750 Cover: This image shows the single celled prokaryotes known as bacteria. Shutterstock.com On page x: Dr. William Owen (left) treats a victim of cholera in 1966. Dick Swanson/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images On pages 1, 32, 74, 117, 136, 168, 205, 207, 209: Petri dishes containing bacteria. © www. istockphoto.com / Linde Stewart CONTENTS CONTENTS 4 35 Introduction x chapter 1: bacterial morphology and reproduction 1 Bacteria as Prokaryotes 3 Diversity of Structure of Bacteria 6 Carl Woese 7 Morphological Features of Bacteria 10 The Gram Stain 11 The Cell Envelope 13 Capsules and Slime Layers 16 Flagella, Fimbriae, and Pili 18 Cytoplasm 21 Biotypes of Bacteria 23 Bacterial Reproduction 24 Reproductive Processes 24 Exchange of Genetic Information 28 chapter 2: growth, ecology, and evolution of bacteria 32 Biosynthesis, Nutrition, and Growth of Bacteria 32 Growth of Bacterial Populations 32 Factors Affecting Bacterial Growth 36 Bacterial Metabolism 44 Biosynthetic Pathways of Bacteria 52 Biofi lms 53 Distribution in Nature 54 The Importance of Bacteria to Humans 58 Bacteria in Food 58 Bacteria in Industry 61 109 134 Bacteria in Medicine 64 Abscess 70 Evolution of Bacteria 71 chapter 3: types of bacteria 74 Approaches to Bacterial Classifi cation 74 Classifi cation by Genetic Divergence 74 Classifi cation by Morphology, Biochemistry, and Other Features 78 Major Types of Bacteria 78 Gram-Negative Bacteria 79 Salmonellosis 94 Gram-Positive Bacteria 98 Necrotizing Fasciitis 106 Archaea 108 Habitats of the Archaea 110 Thermoplasma 111 Characteristics of the Archaea 112 Extremophiles 115 chapter 4: virus morphology and evolution 117 Defi nition of a Virus 119 Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky 122 Host Range and Distribution 123 Size and Shape 123 Félix d’Hérelle 124 Renato Dulbecco 126 The Nucleic Acid 128 The Protein Capsid 130 The Lipoprotein Envelope 131 Evolutionary Origins 132 Evolution of New Virus Strains 133 165 172 chapter 5: cycles and patterns of viral infection 136 The Cycle of Infection 136 André Lwoff 140 Viral DNA Integration 141 Lysogeny 142 Malignant Transformation 143 Reverse Transcriptase 147 Howard Martin Temin 152 David Baltimore 153 Role of Viruses in Disease 154 Infectious Patterns 157 Latency 160 Chronic and Slowly Progressive Diseases 161 Viruses and Vaccines 163 Controlling Viral Infection 166 chapter 6: types of viruses 168 Distinguishing Taxonomic Features 168 Major Groups of DNA Viruses 170 Adenovirus 170 Asfarvirus 171 Hepadnavirus 171 African Swine Fever (ASF) 172 Herpesvirus 174 Iridovirus 176 Papillomavirus 176 Parvovirus 178 Canine Parvovirus Disease 178 Polyomavirus 179 Poxvirus 180 Major Groups of RNA Viruses 180 Arenavirus 180 Bunyavirus 181 Calicivirus 183 196 Coronavirus 184 Flavivirus 184 Filovirus 186 Myxovirus 187 Orthomyxovirus 187 Paramyxovirus 191 Picornavirus 193 Reovirus 193 Retrovirus 194 Rhabdovirus 199 Togavirus 199 Rabies 200 Conclusion 203 Glossary 205 Bibliography 207 Index 209

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