Back to the future : the role of the Founding Fathers in shaping the new world order

152 Pages·3.2 MB·en_US

by  McCall, Brendan James.;Werner, Mark Henry.;Teti, Frank M.

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Back to the Future: The Role of the Founding Fathers in
Shaping the New World Order
by
Brendan JamesMcCall
Lieutenant, UnitedStates Navy
BA, Marquette University, 1985
MarkHenry Werner
Lieutenant, United States Navy
BS, Nebraska Wesleyan University, 1984
MBA, National University, 1991
Submitted in partial fulfillment ofthe
requirements for thedegree of
MASTER OFARTS IN NATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS
From the
NAVALPOSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
June 1992
n
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1B1a1 ck to theFuture: TheRole ofthe Founding Fathers in Shaping theNew World Order
PERSONALAUTHOR(S)
Brendan J. McCall and Mark H. Werner
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Master's thesis FROM TO June, 1992 145
SUPPLLMbNIARYNOIAIION
le views expressed in this paper are those ofthe author and do not reflect the official policy orposition ofthe
apartment ofDefense or the U.S. Government.
COSATICODES T5! SUBJECTTERMS(Continueonreverseitnecessaryandidentifybyblocknumber)
FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP Planning; strategy; values; American values
ABSTRACT(Continueonreverseifnecessaryandidentifybyblocknumber)
At the close ofthe Cold War the United States faces the difficult task ofdefining what it stands for, what its
ng-term goals are and the means it is willing to use to attain these goals. This thes—is investigates the role
nerican core values played in the two historical operational codes ofthe United States nation building ofthe
mnding Fathers, and the Cold War containment policy. It examines the relationship of paradigm change on
lues, perceptions and policy. It attempts to develop case studies which exemplify that relationship,
iditionally, a long-range planning model is presented for use in framing the debate on options presented for a
w operational code. Finally, it goes on to suggest what part American values should play in the operational
de the nation develops to shape the "New World Order."
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ABSTRACT
At the close of the Cold War the United States faces the difficult task of
defining what it stands for, what its long-term goals are and the means it is
willing to use to attain these goals. This thesis investigates the role American
core values played in the two historical operational codes of the United
—
States nation building of the Founding Fathers, and the Cold War
containment policy. It examines the relationship of paradigm change on
values, perceptions and policy. It attempts to develop case studies which
exemplify that relationship. Additionally, a long-range planning model is
presented for use in framing the debate on options presented for a new
operational code. Finally, it goes on to suggest what part American values
should play in the operational code the nation develops to shape the New
World Order.
in
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
4
I.
A. THESIS STATEMENT 4
OVERVIEW
B. 4
C DEFINITION OF TERMS 6
THOMAS KUHN: THE STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC
II.
REVOLUTIONS
9
A. NORMAL VS. REVOLUTIONARY SCIENCE 10
FUNCTIONS OF PARADIGMS
B. 11
C THE FALL AND RISE OF PARADIGMS 12
RESULTS OF ADOPTING A NEW PARADIGM
D. 13
E. VALUES IN SCIENCE 15
APPLICATION
F. 16
THE NATURE OF AMERICAN VALUES
III. 18
A. INHERITED VALUES 20
THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND AMERICAN VALUES
B. 20
C THE INDIVIDUAL IN AMERICAN VALUES 22
D. THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPriY 24
E. THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 29
IV. AMERICAN VALUES PARADIGM: THE VITAL BALANCE 32
A. THE FOUNDING FATHERS 32
B. THE OPERATIONAL CODE OF THE FOUNDING FATHERS 35
1. Washington's Farewell Address: Importance of Union 35
2. Neutrality and "No Entangling Alliances" 37
3. Cultivate Peace 39
C. THE OPERATIONAL CODE IN PRACTICE 40
1. Thomas Paine and Common Sense 40
IV
DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
MONTEREY CA 93943-5101
2. Treaty of Alliance 1778 42
3. Peace Treaty of 1783 45
4. The Proclamation of Neutrality: 1793 47
5. Jay's Treaty 1794 49
6. Jefferson's Inaugural 52
7. The War of 1812: Mr. Madison's War 56
8. The Monroe Doctrine 59
TOWARD THE SECOND PARADIGM
V. 63
VI. GEORGE F. KENNAN, CONTAINMENT: THE SECOND PARADIGM...66
A. KENNAN: VALUES, NATIONAL INTEREST & STRATEGY 67
B. SPECIFIC PROBLEMS IN AMERICAN STRATEGIC THOUGHT...73
KENNAN'S OPERATIONAL CODE: THE CONTAINMENT
C.
POLICY 77
VII. PAUL NITZE, NSC 68 AND AD HOC DECISION MAKING 80
A. AMERICAN VALUES 82
B. OBJECTIVES 82
OPERATIONAL CODE: STRIVING FOR A POSITION OF
C.
STRENGTH
85
RECOMMENDATIONS
D. 85
COMPARISON: KENNAN'S OPERATIONAL CODE
E. VS.
NITZE'S 87
VIII. VIETNAM: NITZE'S CODE APPLIED 93
VIETNAM
A. 94
1. Truman Administration: Supplying the French 94
2. Eisenhower and Dulles: The Start of Direct Intervention 97
a. Geneva Conference 99
b. Direct Intervention 100
3. Kennedy Administration: "Go anywhere, pay any price" 104
a. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 107
5. Nixon Administration: Peace With Honor? 109
LESSONS LEARNED?
B. Ill
IX. BUILDING A NEW PARADIGM FOR NATIONAL SECURITY 114
A. LIMITS OF SHORT RANGE PLANNING 115
PLANNING MODEL
B. 116
C. UNCHANGING VALUES & CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS....117
X. KARL POPPER AND THE IMPORTANCE OF PROCESS 119
A. ASSUMPTIONS 120
B. JUDGING POLICY 121
THE NEW WORLD ORDER AND THE THIRD PARADIGM
XI. 123
A. VALUES AND PLANNING 128
CONCLUSION
B. 129
BIBLIOGRAPHY
132
INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 137
VI