B Vitamins and Folate: Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effects

888 Pages·2012·19.93 MB·English

by  Victor R Preedy

B Vitamins and Folate
Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effects
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Food and Nutritional Components in Focus
Series Editor:
Professor Victor R. Preedy, School of Medicine, King’s College London, UK
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49 Titles in the Series:
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81 1: Vitamin A and Carotenoids: Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effects
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9/9 2: Caffeine: Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effects
03 3: Dietary Sugars: Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effects
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How to obtain future titles on publication:
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B Vitamins and Folate
Chemistry, Analysis, Function and Effects
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34 Edited by
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81 Victor R. Preedy
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Octobhttp:// FoodandNutritionalComponentsinFocusNo.4
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Do1 rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2013
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PublishedbyTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,
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4- Preface
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10. In the past three decades there have been major advances in our under-
doi: standing of the chemistry and function of nutritional components. This has
g | been enhanced by rapid developments in analytical techniques and instru-
or
2sc. mentation. Chemists, food scientists and nutritionists are, however, separated
201bs.r by divergent skills and professional disciplines. Hitherto this transdisciplinary
October http://pu divTidheeshearsiebseFeonoddiaffincduNltuttoribtiroindagleC. omponentsinFocusaimstocoverinasingle
7 n volumethechemistry,analysis,functionandeffectsofsinglecomponentsinthe
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3 B Vitamins and Folate has four major sections namely:
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(cid:2) Analysis
(cid:2) Function and Effects.
Coverage includes B vitamins and folate in the context of a historical
background, disease, cardiovascular effects and the importance of vitamins in
biochemistryasillustratedbyasinglevitamin.Thereaftertherearechapterson
the chemistry and biochemistry of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic
acid, pyridoxine, biotin, folate and cobalamin. Methodical aspects include
characterization and assays of B vitamins and folate in foods of all kinds,
dietary supplements, biological fluids and tissues. The techniques cover solid-
phase extraction, spectrofluorimetry, mass spectrometry, HPLC, enzymatic
assay, biosensor and chemiluminescence. In terms of function and effects or
FoodandNutritionalComponentsinFocusNo.4
BVitaminsandFolate:Chemistry,Analysis,FunctionandEffects
EditedbyVictorR.Preedy
rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2013
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
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vi Preface
health and disease, there are both overviews and focused chapters covering
suchtopicssuchascardiovasculardisease,stroke,cognitivedecline,dementia,
epilepsy, micronutrient interventions, Wernicke’s encephalopathy, neuronal
calcium, obesity, diabetes, gene expression, beta-oxidation, lipoprotein dis-
5 orders,pellagra,energymetabolism,immunity,kidneydiseaseandmanyother
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4- Each chapter transcends the intellectual divide with a novel cohort of fea-
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18 (cid:2) an Abstract (appears in the eBook only)
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97 (cid:2) Key Facts (areas of focus explained for the lay person)
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3 (cid:2) Definitions of Words and Terms
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or tionists, as well as health care workers and research scientists. Contributions
012s.rsc. are from leading national and international experts including contributions
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4- Contents
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0.1 Chapter 1 Historical Context of Vitamin B 3
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012s.rsc. Factors Essential for Life 3
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Chapter 2 B Vitamins and Disease 21
Jutta Dierkes and Ottar Nyga˚rd
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 The Role of Different Study Types 22
2.3 Treatment of Deficiency or Supplementation without
Reference to Vitamin Status 23
2.4 Mechanisms 24
2.5 Cardiovascular Disease 25
2.5.1 Folic acid, Vitamin B and Vitamin B 25
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2.5.2 Niacin in Cholesterol Reduction 26
FoodandNutritionalComponentsinFocusNo.4
BVitaminsandFolate:Chemistry,Analysis,FunctionandEffects
EditedbyVictorR.Preedy
rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2013
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
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viii Contents
2.6 Cancer 27
2.7 Prevention of Age-related Cognitive
Decline or Dementia 28
2.8 Renal Disease 28
7 2.9 Concluding Remarks 30
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201bs.r 3.2 Homocysteinaemia as a Risk Factor for
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3.3.5 Effects on Atheroma Progression 40
3.4 Folate and B Vitamins in Cardiovascular Disease:
Insights from Clinical Trials and Folate Fortification
Programme 42
3.4.1 Homocysteine Lowering and Cardiovascular
Disease Prevention 42
3.4.2 Criticism of Randomized Clinical Trials 43
3.4.3 Is Folate Fortification and B Vitamins
Administration Safe? 46
3.5 Concluding Remarks 47
Summary Points 47
Key Facts about B Vitamins as Therapeutic Agents in
Cardiovascular Disease 48
Definitions of Words and Terms 48
List of Abbreviations 49
References 50
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Contents ix
Chapter 4 The Importance of Vitamins in Biochemistry and Disease as
Illustrated by Thiamine Diphosphate (ThDP) Dependent
Enzymes 55
Shinya Fushinobu and Ryuichiro Suzuki
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012s.rsc. Key Facts 64
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of Thiamin (Vitamin B) 71
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5.1 Introduction 71
5.2 Chemical Properties of Thiamin 72
5.3 Thiamin Biosynthesis and Degradation 77
5.4 Riboswitches 77
5.5 Thiamin Transport 78
5.5.1 Thiamin Transporters in Mammalian Cells 78
5.5.2 Mitochondrial Transport of Thiamin
Diphosphate 79
5.6 Distribution of Thiamin Derivatives in Living
Organisms 79
5.6.1 Occurrence of ThDP 80
5.6.2 Occurrence of ThTP 80
5.6.3 Occurrence of Adenylated Thiamin
Derivatives 81
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5.7 Metabolism of Thiamin Phosphates 81
5.7.1 Free and Bound ThDP Pools Coexist in the
Same Cell 81
5.7.2 Synthesis of Thiamin Diphosphate 83
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6.2.4 Requirements and Intakes 101
Summary Points 103
Key Facts about Digestion and Absorption 103
Definitions of Words and Terms 104
List of Abbreviations 105
References 105
Chapter 7 The Chemistry and Biochemistry of Niacin (B ) 108
3
Asdrubal Aguilera-Me´ndez, Cynthia Ferna´ndez-Lainez,
Isabel Ibarra-Gonza´lez and Cristina Fernandez-Mejia
7.1 Introduction 108
7.2 Niacin Chemistry 109
7.3 Niacin Daily Requirement, Food Sources and Niacin
Deficiency 110
7.4 Factors and Diseases Affecting Niacin Requirement 110