Axonal Transport in Neuronal Growth and Regeneration

292 Pages·1984·8.523 MB·English

by  Sidney Ochs (auth.), John S. Elam, Paul Cancalon (eds.)

Axonal Transport in
Neuronal Growth
and Regeneration
Advances in Neurochemistry
SERIES EDITORS
B. W. Agranoff, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
M. H. Aprison, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
ADVISORY EDITORS
J. Axelrod F. Margolis P. Morell 1. S. O'Brien
F. Fonnum B. S. McEwen W. T. Norton E. Roberts
Volumes \-4 Edited by B. W. Agranoff and M. H. Aprison
Volume 5 OLIGODENDROGLIA
Edited by William T. Norton
Volume 6 AXONAL TRANSPORT IN NEURONAL GROWTH
AND REGENERATION
Edited by John S. Elam and Paul Cancalon
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of
each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment.
For further information please contact the publisher.
Axonal Transport in
Neuronal Growth
and Regeneration
Edited by
John S. Elam
and
Paul Cancalon
Florida State University
Tallahassee, Florida
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Axonal transport in neuronal growth and regeneration.
(Advances in neurochemistry; v. 6)
Includes bibliographies and index.
I. Nervous system-Regeneration. 2. Axonal transport. 3. Nerves-growth.
I. Elam, John S., 1941- . II. Cancalon, Paul. III. Series.
QP356.3.A37 vol. 6 [QP363.5] 599'.0188 s 84-16006
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-1199-7 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-1197-3 [599'.0188]
DOl: 10.10071978-1-4684-1197-3
©1984 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1984
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
CONTRIBUTORS
BERNARD W. AGRANOFF • Department of Biological Chemistry and
Mental Health Research Institute. University of Michigan. Ann Arbor.
Michigan 48109
LARRY I. BENOWITZ. Department of Psychiatry. Harvard Medical
School and Mailman Research Center. Mclean Hospital. Belmont.
Massachusetts 02178
MARK A. BISBY • Department of Medical Physiology. Faculty of
Medicine. University of Calgary. Calgary. Alberta. Canada T2N 4Nl
SCOTT T. BRADY. Department of Developmental Genetics and
Anatomy. Case Western Reserve University. Cleveland. Ohio 44106
PAUL CANCALON • Department of Biological Science. Florida State
University. Tallahassee. Florida 32306
G. CHAKRABORTY. Department of Physiology. University of Medicine
and Dentistry of New Jersey. New Jersey Medical School. Newark. New
Jersey 07103
JOHN S. ELAM • Department of Biological Science. Florida State
University. Tallahassee. Florida 32306
THOMAS S. FORD-HOLEVINSKI • Department of Biological Chemistry
and Mental Health Research Institute. University of Michigan. Ann
Arbor. Michigan 48109
MARCIE GLICKSMAN. Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology.
Washington University School of Medicine. St. Louis. Missouri 63110
JOHN W. GRIFFIN. Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience. The
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Baltimore. Maryland
21205
NOBUT AKA HIROKAW A • Department of Anatomy. Faculty of
Medicine. University of Tokyo. Hongo. Tokyo. 113 Japan
PAUL N. HOFFMAN • Department of Opthalmology. The Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine. Baltimore. Maryland 21205
v
vi CONTRIBUTORS
N. A. INGOGLIA • Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and
Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New
Jersey 07103
KRISTER KRISTENSSON • Department of Pathology, Karolinska
Institute, Huddinge University Hospital S-141 86, Huddinge, Sweden
DA VID B. MCDOUGAL, JR. • Department of Pharmacology, Washington
University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
IRVINE G. MCQUARRIE. Veterans Administration Medical Center and
Department of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics, Case Western
Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
KARINA MEIRI • Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
SIDNEY OCHS • Department of PhYSiology and Biophysics, Indiana
University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46223
DONALD L. PRICE • Departments of Pathology, Neurology, and
Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland 21205
WILLIAM W. SCHLAEPFER • Division of Neuropathology, Department
of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical
School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
CAROLYN SIMON • Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Missouri 63110
J. H. PATE SKENE. Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University,
Palo Alto, California 94305
MARK WILLARD • Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
DA VID L. WILSON • Department of Physiology and Biophysics,
University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101
M. F. ZANAKIS • Department of Physiology, University of Medicine and
Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New
Jersey 07103
UN-JIN P. ZIMMERMAN • Division of Neuropathology, Department of
Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical
School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
PREFACE
Over the past several years, the pace of research on the control of axonal
growth has increased at a remarkable rate, and this activity is reflected in a
growing literature dealing with various aspects of axonal growth and regener
ation. It appears timely to review the role played by axonal transport in the
intrinsic responses of neurons in the growth and regrowth processes. Through
the cooperation of the senior editors of this series, we have been given the
opportunity to bring such a focus to the current volume.
We wish to acknowledge that the contributing authors attended a confer
ence on "The Role of Axonal Transport in Neuronal Growth and Regenera
tion" held in Tallahassee, Florida in March, 1983, sponsored by the Psycho
biology Research Center of the Florida State University. It is our hope that
many of the perceptions and insights expressed in these chapters resulted from
our interactions.
The chapters are arranged in an order that ranges from basic properties
of axonal transport underlying growth to specific mechanisms by which trans
port may regulate growth. The reader will note that changes in axonal trans
port accompanying neuronal injury and growth include such diverse events as
alterations in cell body synthesis, increases in transport rates, changes in the
molecular composition of transported molecules, and posttranslational modifi
cation of molecules having undergone transport. Although the specific roles of
each of these processes in regulating axonal growth are not known, it is inferred
either that they signal the status of the axon to the cell body and surrounding
tissues or that they contribute to the molecular environment necessary for the
extension, connection (or reconnection), and maturation of neurites.
Where authors have conflicting opinions, we have encouraged them to
sharpen their points of view, so that the reader may better appreciate contro
versy as well as established facts.
John S. Elam
Paul Cancalon
vii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1
AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT IN RELATION TO NERVE FIBER
REGENERATION
SIDNEY OCHS
1. Introduction. 1
2. Models Proposed for Regeneration 2
3. The Transport Filament Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Slow Transport as a Drop Off and Turnover of Components . 4
5. Routing in Relation to Transport and Regeneration. 7
6. A Hypothesis for Selective Neurite Growth on the Basis of Routing. . 9
7. References. 9
CHAPTER 2
BASIC PROPERTIES OF FAST AXONAL TRANSPORT AND THE
ROLE OF FAST TRANSPORT IN AXONAL GROWTH
SCOTT T. BRADY
1. Introduction.. . ............ . 13
2. Structures in Fast Axonal Transport 14
3. Organization of Fast Axonal Transport ....... . 19
4. Molecular Bases of Movement 23
ix
x CONTENTS
5. Role of Fast Axonal Transport in Axonal Growth and Regeneration 25
6. References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
CHAPTER 3
RETROGRADE SIGNALING AFTER NERVE INJURY
KRISTER KRISTENSSON
1. Nerve Cell Body Response to Axotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2. Retrograde Axonal Transport: Physiological Significance. . . . . . . . . . 33
3. Chromatolysis and Retrograde Axonal Transport: Time
Relationship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4. Possible Signal Mechanisms Mediated by Retrograde Transport 36
4.1. Loss of Repressor Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.2. Alterations at the Site of the Lesion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5. Retrograde Transport during Regeneration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
6. Concluding Remarks ....................................... 41
7. References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
CHAPTER 4
RETROGRADE AXONAL TRANSPORT AND NERVE
REGENERATION
M. A. BISBY
1. Introduction............................................... 45
2. Retrograde Transport following Axonal Injury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.1. The Injury Signal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.2. Retrograde Transport of Endogenous Materials in Intact
Axons................... . . . .... . . ...... . ..... .... . ... 48
2.3. Acute Effects of Injury on Retrograde Transport of
Endogenous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
a
2.4. Abnormal Reversal of Transport as Putative Axotomy Signal. 53
3. Changes in Retrograde Transport during Regeneration. . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.1. Time Course of Endogenous Protein Transport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2. Retrograde Transport of Signals for Axon Elongation and for
Reinnervation of Target. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56